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Pharmacology > Prelim > Flashcards

Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

5 rights of medication admin

A
  1. drug
  2. dose
  3. time
  4. patient
  5. route
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2
Q

major uses of drugs

A
  • symptomatic
  • preventive
  • diagnostic
  • curative
  • contraceptive
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3
Q

classification of drugs

A
  • therapeutic

- pharmacologic

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4
Q

Sources of drugs

A
  • Natural
  • Synthetic
  • Semisynthetic
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5
Q
  • chemical name
  • generic
  • trade (proprietary)
A
  • describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure
  • name given by the US Adopted Name Council
  • the drug has a registered trademark, use of name restricted by the drug’s patent owner(the manufacturer)
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6
Q

Properties of Ideal Drug

A
  1. effectiveness
  2. safety
  3. selectivity
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7
Q

Additional Properties of Ideal Drug

A
  1. reversible action-anesthetic
  2. predictability-know how patient will respond
  3. ease of admin
  4. freedom from drug interactions
  5. low cost
  6. chemical stability-no loss of effectiveness with storage
  7. possession of a simple generic name
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8
Q

pharmacotherapeutics/clinical pharmacology

A

the use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases

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9
Q

neuropharmacology

A

effects of medication on central and peripheral nervous system functioning

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10
Q

psychopharmacology

A

studies the effects of medication on the psyche; observing changed behaviors of the body and mind, and how molecular events are manifest in a measurable behavioral form

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11
Q

dealing w/ the composition, use, and development of medicinal substances of biological origin and especially medicinal substances obtained from plants

A

pharmacognosy

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12
Q

the part of medicine concerned w/ dosage, depends on factors like age, climate, weight, sex

A

posology

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13
Q

the science of dosage form design. deals w/ the process of turning a new chemical entity into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patient

A

pharmaceutics

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14
Q

studies genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs

A

pharmacogenetics

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15
Q

deals w/ the application of genomic technologies to new drug discovery and further characterization of older drugs

A

pharmacogenomics

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16
Q

study of pharma on a molecular basis

A

molecular pharma

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17
Q

the scientific study of ethnic groups and their use of drugs

A

ethnopharmacology

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18
Q

study of poisions and unwanted responses to therapeutic agents

A

toxicology

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19
Q

Phase where all drugs must be in solution to cross biologic membranes. a solid drug(tablet) has to disintegrate before it can be absorbed.

A

pharmaceutical phase

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20
Q

the study of what the body does to the drug

A

pharmacokinetic phase

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21
Q

study of what the drug does to the body. the mechanism of drug actions in living tissues.

A

pharmacodynamic

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22
Q

the fraction of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route

A

bioavailability

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23
Q

metabolism of a drug during its first passage throughgut wall and liver

A

first pass metabolism

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24
Q

comparison of bioavailability of different formulations of the same drug

A

bioequivalence

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25
Q

drug absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa, the small intestine, or rectum

A

enteral route:

-buccal

  • sublingual
  • oral
  • rectal
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26
Q

eye drops, nasal spray, lotions, ear drops

A

topical route

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27
Q

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal, intraarticular, intraperitoneal

A

parenteral route

*retain 100% bioavailability, therefore smaller doses are appropriate

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28
Q

the transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action

-factors affecting:

A

distribution

  1. blood flow
  2. capillary permeability
  3. binding of drugs to proteins
    • class I: dose is less than avail binding sites
    • class II: dose is greater than avail binding sites
    • admin of class I & class II
  4. tissue binding/affinity
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29
Q

the degree of distribution of a drug into various body compartments and tissues

A

volume of distribution

Vd = D/C

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30
Q

Biologic transformation of a drug into:

  • an inactive metabolite
  • a more soluble compound
  • a more potent metabolite

*delayed drug metabolism results in:

A

metabolism/biotransformation

*accumulation of drugs
prolonged action of drugs

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31
Q
  • the rate of drug metabolism is directly proportional to the concentration of free drug
  • the enzyme is saturated by a high free drug concentration
A

-first order kinetics
low doses

-zero order kinetics
high doses

32
Q

converts lipophile molecules into more polar molecule by introducing or unmasking a polar functional group such as -OH or -NH
-may increase, decrease, or leave unaltered the drugs pharmacologic activity

A

Phase I reactions

33
Q

conjugation reactions

  • glucoronidation-most impt
  • neonates-lack conjugation, chloramphenicol
A

phase II rxns

34
Q

the elimination of drugs from the body

A

execretion

35
Q

the time it takes for one-half of the original amt of a drug in the body to be removed

A

half-life

36
Q

drugs are generally administered to maintain a steady-state concentration within the therapeurtic window

A

maintenance of dose

37
Q

a delay in achieving the desired plasma levels of drug may be clin unacceptable. So this drug can be injected as a single dose to achieve the desired plasma level rapidly, followed by an infusion to maintain the steady state.

A

loading dose

= (Vd)(desired steady-state plasma conc)/F

38
Q

a measure of the amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a give magnitude

A

potency

EC50

39
Q

ability of a drug to elicit a response when it interacts with a receptor

A

efficacy

*a drug with greater efficacy is more therapeutically beneficial than one that is more potent

40
Q

the dose of a drug (mg/kg) that kills 50% of the pop

A

Lethal dose LD50

41
Q

the dose of the drug required to produce a specific intensity of effect in 50% of the pop

A

effective dose ED50

42
Q

gives measure as to the amt by which a therapeutic dose may be exceeded before eliciting toxic effects

-tells safety of drug

A

therapeutic index=LD50/ED50

43
Q

a decreasing response to repetitive drug doses

A

tolerance

44
Q

a physiologic or psychological need for a drug

A

dependence

45
Q

effect = to the summation of 2 drugs

A

additive effect

46
Q

2 or more drugs work together against one target, producing an effect that is greater than the individual effect of the 2 generic name

A

synergistic

47
Q

one druge reduces or blocks the effect of another

A

antagonistic effect

48
Q

that drug A boosts the effects of drug B, often by increasing the levels of drug B in the blood

A

potentiation

49
Q

an adverse outcome of drug therapy in which a patient is harmed in some way

A

adverse drug rxn

  • side effects
  • toxicity
  • allergy
50
Q

unintentional adverse effects that are treatment induced

A

iatrogenic responses

51
Q

time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

A

onset

52
Q

time it takes for a drug to reach its max therapeutic response

A

peak

53
Q

time a drug conc is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

A

duration

54
Q

once drug is at site of action, it can modify the rate (increase or decrease) at which the cells or tissues function

A

ways drugs produce therapeutic effects

55
Q

Sympathetic adrenergic

A
  • postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine

- adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

56
Q

parasympathetic cholinergic

A
  • preganglionic neurons release acetycholine

- postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine

57
Q

cholinergic receptor types

A
  • nicotinic
  • postganglionic dendrites and cell bodies in both symp and parasymp
  • muscarinic
58
Q

adrenergic receptor types

A
  • alpha 1
  • alpha 2
  • beta 1
  • beta 2
59
Q

drugs that stimulate the parasymphathetic nervous system (PSNS)
-act on receptors that are activated by acetylcholine

A

cholinergic agonists

60
Q
  • located postsynaptically
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands of parasymp fibers
  • effector organs of cholinergic symp fibers
A

muscarinic receptors

61
Q

bind to cholinergic receptors, activating them

  • choline esters: Ach, carbachol, bethanicol
  • naturally occurring alkaloids: pilocarpine
A

direct-acting cholinergic agonist

-2 groups

62
Q
  • muscarinic/nicotinic activity
  • v HR and cardiac output
  • v BP
  • ^ salivary secretion/motility
  • enhances bronchiolar secretions
  • expulsion of urine
  • miosis
A

acetylcholine

63
Q
  • ^tone & motility of bladder and GI tract
  • relaxes sphincters in bladder and GI tract to empty
  • helpful for postsurgical atony of bladder and GI
  • oral dose or SC injection
A

Bethanechol

64
Q
  • both muscarinic and nicotinic actions

- used to treat glaucoma by causing pupillary contraction and decrease in intraocular pressure

A

carbachol

65
Q
  • muscarinic activity
  • used in opththalmology, contraction of ciliary muscle and miosis
  • emergency lowering of intraocular pressure in glaucoma
  • promotes salivation in patients w/ xerostomia due to radiotherapy, sjogren’s syndrome
A

pilocarpine

66
Q 
acetylcholinersterase inhibitors (reversible)
-inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase, which breaks down Ach, making it more avail at the receptors
A

indirect-acting cholinergic agonists

67
Q

short acting AchE inhibitor

-used in diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis

A

edrophonium

68
Q
  • intermediate-acting(2-4hrs)
  • increases intestinal and bladder motility
  • topical-treat glaucoma
  • treatment for overdosage of atropine, phenothiazine, TCA
A

physostigmine

69
Q
  • absorbs poorly from GI tract
  • doesn’t enter CNS
  • intermediate acting(30min-2hrs)
  • stimulate contractility before it paralyzes
  • therapeutic use: stimulate bladder and GI, antidote for tubocurarine, treat MG
A

Neostigmine

70
Q

-used in chronic management of MG

A

pyridostigmine and ambenonium

71
Q

used in alzheimer

A

tacrine, donezepil, rivastigmine, galantamine

72
Q
  • acetylcholinersterase inhibitors (irreversible)
  • bind to cholinesterase and form a permanent covalent bond
  • the body must make new cholinsterase
A

indirect-acting cholinergic agonist

73
Q
  • organophosphate
  • covalently binds via phosphate group
  • generalized cholinergic stimulation, paralysis of motor function, convulsion
  • produce intense miosis
A

echothiophate

74
Q

cholinergic toxidrome

-SLUDGEM

A
  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Diarrhea
  • Gastrointestinalcramps
  • Emesis
  • Miosis
75
Q

drug effects of PSNS

A
  • ^gastric secretions
  • ^GI motility
  • ^urinary frequency
  • constrict pupil
  • reduced intraocular pressure
  • ^salivation & sweating
  • v HR
  • vasodilation
  • bronchial constriction, narrowed airways
76
Q

drugs that block or inhibit the actions of acetylcholine in the PSNS

  • block at the muscarinic receptors
  • they inhibit nerve transmission at these receptors
A

cholinergic-blocking agents

77
Q

anticholinergic toxidrome

  • Hot as a hare
  • dry as a bone
  • red as a beet
  • mad as a hatter
  • blind as a bat
A
  • fever
  • v salivation, dry mouth
  • flushing
  • hallucinations
  • mydriasis

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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