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Oceanography > Prelim 2 > Flashcards

Prelim 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which countries are whaling?

A

Japan, Norway, Iceland

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2
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

Amount of heat energy required to raise 1 gram of liquid water by one degree celsius (1 calorie per gram per deg C). This is among the highest of any substance on earth

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3
Q

_______ are the highest salinity waters

A

sub tropical gyres b/c theres not much rain

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4
Q

Describe conveyer belt

A

sink into low nutrient waters, slowly gains more nutrients as dead material rains down

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5
Q

What will happen to thermocline b/c of global warming?

A

increase strength of the thermocline, reducing ability to mix, will create oxygen-poor zones

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6
Q

Photosynthesis ___ CO2 and microbial respiration _____ CO2

A

consumes; produces

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7
Q

Adding CO2 does what to the ocean? Which part?

A

makes more acidic; deep ocean is more acidic

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8
Q

By the year 2100, without significant changes, ___ ____ ____of the world’s marine species may stand on the brink of extinction.

A

more than half

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9
Q

Approximately ___% of the land area is protected, compared to roughly _% of the world ocean and adjacent seas.

A

12; 1

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10
Q

Two main types of animals who are being harmed?

A
  1. Sharks & Rays

2. corals

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11
Q

Why study primary production?

A

1) Base of the Food Web

2) Essential Element of the Global Carbon Cycle

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12
Q

What is net primary production?

A

the difference between the amount of CO2 consumed by photosynthesis and the amount of CO2 produced by respiration.

Equivalently, it is the Net Gain or Net Loss of carbon within the cell

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13
Q

What is the compensation light level?

A

At light levels below the compensation light level, phytoplankton cells do not have sufficient light to photosynthesize fast enough to meet their basal metabolic needs and so cell respiration exceeds photosynthesis and this then leads to negative values of net primary production.

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14
Q

What is compensation depth?

A

The depth at which the ambient light intensity is equal to the compensation light intensity

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15
Q

Nutrient-Dependency of Primary Production?

A

in low nutrient conditions, growth advantage shifts to smaller phytoplankton

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16
Q

What are The 4 Phytoplankton Nutrients of Interest to Oceanographers?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Silica
Iron

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17
Q

What is The Main Source of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Silica to the Surface Ocean?

A

vertically mixing or upwelling of nutrient-rich deep-water to the surface

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18
Q

The main source of Iron input to the surface ocean is from …?

A

dust blowing off of continents

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19
Q

Iron Limited Region?

A

Southern Ocean

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20
Q

What makes it difficult for nutrients to move upward to the the surface ocean in the subtropical gyres?

A

Surface convergence of the Ekman Layer in the subtropics (forced by the Trade and Westerly Winds) forms a mound/lens of warm (low-nutrient) water (and associated gyre rotation) and an associated downward surface layer velocity into the deeper ocean.

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21
Q

What happens as a result of equatorial upwelling in the East?

A

East-west asymmetry is a result of shallow thermocline; Proximity of Thermocline Near the Surface in the East Enhances Upwelling of Cold and Nutrient-Rich Deep-Water to the Lighted Region of the Surface Ocean and Thus Enhances Biological Productivity in this Area

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22
Q

What is Tidal Mixing?

A
  • occurs in shallow continental shelf regions
  • Seasonally Steady
  • Mixes the water column from bottom to top and brings bottom water rich in nutrients to the ocean surface
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23
Q

What is coastal upwelling?

A
  • results from Wind/Ekman Offshore Transport
  • Seasonally Variable
  • Greatly enhances upward movement of deep water that is rich in nutrients
24
Q

What most often limits the growth of phytoplankton in the ocean?

A

nitrogen

25
Q

The rate of primary production per square meter in the open ocean is ___, but because this region is so vast, the open ocean as a whole _____ total global ocean primary production.

A

low; dominates

26
Q

The rate of primary production per square meter in the open ocean is ___, but because this region is so vast, the open ocean as a whole _____ total global ocean primary production.

A

low; dominates

27
Q

What are Holoplankton? ex

A

Planktonic organisms that live their entire life in fluid suspension i.e. copepods

28
Q

Meroplankton? ex

A

Planktonic organisms that spend only part of their life in fluid suspension i.e. crabs

29
Q

An individual organism’s membership in a given category is often determined by…

A

What are the main food sources of the organism?

Who are the main predators of the organism?

30
Q

Define autotrophs

A

Group of organisms whose energy/carbon for growth comes from non-organic sources. i.e. phytoplankton are autotrophs because they use sunlight and CO2 for their energy/carbon needs.

31
Q

Define heterotrophs

A

Group of organisms whose energy/carbon for growth comes from previously formed organic carbon material. i.e. herbivorous zooplankton are heterotrophs because they consume phytoplankton for their carbon needs. Carnivores would also be heterotrophs

32
Q

What is Exploitation Efficiency?

A

The efficiency with which a consumer population is able to find, capture and ingest all of the potential prey present in the environment

33
Q

What is Gross Production Efficiency?

A

The physiological/biochemical efficiency of converting ingested prey into consumer biomass

34
Q

The overall Trophic Transfer Efficiency depends on which two factors?

A

Exploitation Efficiency x Gross Production Efficiency

35
Q

The overall Trophic Transfer Efficiency depends on which two factors?

A

Exploitation Efficiency x Gross Production Efficiency

36
Q

How does much of the zooplankton avoid detection?

A

Diel Vertical Migration; migrates up to the surface layer of the ocean at night to feed in the dark while also avoiding visual predators like small fish

37
Q

What is the exploitation efficiency of grazers during Spring Blooms in the Temperate North Atlantic Region?

A

Exploitation efficiency is very low in this case - much of phytoplankton is not found by grazers and instead sinks into the deep ocean as dead phytoplankton cells

38
Q

What is the exploitation efficiency of grazers in Tropical Environments?

A

Exploitation efficiency is very high in this case - almost all phytoplankton is found and consumed by grazers

39
Q

Oligotrophic?

A 
Pelagic environment (water column) that has naturally very low plant nutrient concentrations
--the vast subtropical gyres are oligotrophic
40
Q

Eutrophic?

A 
Pelagic environment (water column) that has naturally high plant nutrient concentrations
--coastal upwelling zones are eutrophic
41
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria are growing on ___ ___ ____ (sugars, amino acids etc…) released from phytoplankton by steady leakage,sudden cell senescence or sloppy feeding by zooplankton

A

dissolved organic matter

42
Q

In ______ (low nutrient) open-ocean environments, the growth advantage goes to the smallest phytoplankton cells which are now recognized to be represented mainly by Prochlorococcus.

A

oligotrophic

43
Q

_______ is the main contributor to primary production in open-ocean environments.

A

Prochlorococcus

44
Q

Prochlorococcus is ..?

A

an autotrophic bacterium (i.e., bacteria that contains chlorophyll and the smallest type of phytoplankton)

45
Q

What forms an efficient biological carbon pump?

A

When the dominant phytoplankton cells are large, the dominant grazers are large and their large fecal material easily sinks into the deep ocean taking organic carbon down with it

46
Q

What is the expected efficiency of the Biological Carbon Pump for Costal Upwelling Zones?

a) The carbon pump is very efficient in coastal upwelling zones
b) The carbon pump is not very efficient in coastal upwelling zones

A

A

47
Q

Species are not randomly distributed throughout the intertidal zone, but rather are arranged within relatively narrow ____ ____ .

A

vertical ranges (VERTICAL ZONATION)

48
Q

What Often sets Upper Limit to Species Distributions?

A 
Physical Stresses i.e. Desiccation
Temperature
Food Availability   
Wave Energy
Salinity
Dissolved Oxygen
49
Q

What Often sets Lower Limit to Species Distributions?

A

biological interactions: Competition for Space, Predation

50
Q

What is Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis?

A

disturbance maximizes species diversity by periodically removing competitively dominant species and allowing less competitive species to reestablish themselves

51
Q

Sea-otter kelp forest trophic cascade example

A

Low abundance of sea otters leads to high abundance of sea urchins and low abundance of kelp forests

52
Q

Corals receive —-% of their overall nutrition from photosynthetic-derived products!!!

A

60- 90%

53
Q

Pacific Humpback Migration during summer and winter?

A

Summer Feeding at high latitudes with long day length and lots of biological productivity
Winter Calving at low latitudes - usually warm, but low or no food

54
Q

Vocalization In Whales

A

Odontocetes (toothed whales)
Produce rapid bursts of clicks and whistles

Mysticetes (baleen whales)
Often make the long, low-frequency, sounds known as the whale song. [sexual selection]

55
Q

–% of the excess heat energy trapped by greenhouse gas build-up since the industrial era has been taken up by the ocean

A

93%

56
Q

Salinity (total mass of salt in a kilogram of seawater) can vary greatly across different ocean regions, but the relative proportion of ions making up the salt mass remains …?

A

unchanged everywhere in the ocean!

Oceanography (4 decks)

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