Prelim

Question 1

These communities often
developed taboos or customs that served as early conservation methods to protect certain animal species or sacred groves.

Answer 1

Indigenous Practices

Question 2

In regions like India, sacred groves were protected as religious sanctuaries.

Answer 2

Sacred Forests and Wildlife Protection

Question 3

During the Middle Ages, land was often protected for
aristocratic hunting reserves.

Answer 3

Medieval Europe

Question 4

The growth of natural history as a scientific discipline led to greater awareness of biodiversity.

Answer 4

Scientific Exploration and Enlightenment Ideals

Question 5

The Romantic Movement in Europe emphasized the sublime beauty of untouched nature, fostering appreciation for wilderness areas.

Answer 5

Romanticism and Nature Aesthetics

Question 6

In colonies, resource management practices
emerged partly to ensure a continuous supply of timber and other resources for imperial powers.

Answer 6

Colonial Resource Management

Question 7

The establishment of protected areas, such as Yellowstone National Park in the U.S.
in 1872, marked a turning point in institutionalized conservation.

Answer 7

Notable Conservation Acts

Question 8

The founding of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948.

Answer 8

Conservation Organizations

Question 9

The emergence of conservation biology as a scientific
discipline in the 1980s focused on understanding and mitigating the loss of biodiversity.

Answer 9

Conservation Biology

Question 10

The Endangered Species Act (1973) in the U.S.

Answer 10

Legislation and International Agreements

Question 11

Expansion of national parks and wildlife reserves globally.

Answer 11

Protected Areas

Question 12

Recognition of the role of local communities in sustainable management practices began gaining traction in the late 20th century.

Answer 12

Community-Based Conservation

Question 13

Modern conservation faces challenges such as climate change, habitat destruction, and the loss of biodiversity at an unprecedented scale.

Answer 13

21st Century and Contemporary Developments

Question 14

The inclusion of environmental
sustainability in the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development underscores the
integration of conservation with human development.

Answer 14

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Question 15

Satellite imagery, drones, and data analytics play a
critical role in monitoring ecosystems and wildlife populations.

Answer 15

Technology in Conservation

Question 16

Environmental movements, social media campaigns, and global initiatives like Earth Hour have raised awareness and mobilized communities worldwide.

Answer 16

Public Awareness and Activism

Question 17

Payment for ecosystem services (PES), biodiversity offsets, and conservation easements are being implemented to incentivize conservation efforts.

Answer 17

Legal and Policy Innovations

Question 18

Greater recognition of indigenous knowledge
and rights is shaping conservation strategies.

Answer 18

Indigenous Knowledge Integration

Question 19

Altering habitats, migration patterns, and species survival.

Answer 19

Climate Change

Question 20

Continued pressure on habitats for agriculture and urbanization.

Answer 20

Deforestation and Land Use Change

Question 21

Fishing, logging, and wildlife trade threaten species populations.

Answer 21

Overexploitation of Resources

Question 22

The need for stronger global cooperation and innovative
approaches.

Answer 22

Biodiversity Loss

Question 23

the variety of life forms on Earth, is a concept that has evolved in its understanding and importance over time.

Answer 23

Biodiversity

Question 24

Philosophers like Aristotle and
Theophrastus in ancient Greece made early classifications of organisms, laying the groundwork for understanding the diversity of life.

Answer 24

Ancient Times

Question 25

Many ancient cultures viewed biodiversity through the lens of spirituality, often attributing a sacred significance to various species and ecosystems.

Answer 25

Religious and Cultural Beliefs

Question 26

As European explorers ventured into new continents, they encountered an astonishing variety of plants, animals, and ecosystems.

Answer 26

The Age of Exploration (15th-18th Century)

Question 27

it is fundamentally shifted the understanding of biodiversity by explaining it as a result of natural selection and evolutionary processes.

Answer 27

Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859)

Question 28

Scientists began studying ecosystems and the interdependence of species, emphasizing the functional aspect of biodiversity.

Answer 28

Rise of Ecology

Question 29

Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources,

Answer 29

Industrial Revolution and Biodiversity Loss

Question 30

By the mid-20th century, biodiversity loss became a scientific and public concern.

Answer 30

Conservation Biology as a Discipline

Question 31

Biodiversity was recognized as essential not only for ecological health but also for human survival and well-being.

Answer 31

Global Initiatives and the Biodiversity Crisis

Question 32

Human activities have significantly altered ecosystems, leading to what is termed the sixth mass extinction.

Answer 32

The Anthropocene and Ongoing Challenges

Question 33

Tools like satellite imaging, genetic sequencing, and AI have enhanced the study and monitoring of biodiversity.

Answer 33

Technological and Scientific Advancements

Question 34

Sustainable practices, such as agroforestry and marine conservation, are promoted to harmonize human needs with ecological balance.

Answer 34

Sustainability and Biodiversity

Question 35

Indigenous knowledge and practices are increasingly recognized for their role in conserving biodiversity.

Answer 35

Cultural and Ethical Dimensions

Question 36

It means to save the natural resources, ie. environment

Answer 36

Conservation Biology

Question 37

Deals with some places and object

Answer 37

Preservation

Question 38

Air, water, and soil pollution

Answer 38

Environmental impacts of human

Question 39

Relation with organism and their environment

Answer 39

Ecology

Question 40

It means the variability among living organism from all sources

Answer 40

Biological Diversity

Question 41

Biogeographic

Answer 41

Ecological biodiversity

Question 42

Gene pool, population-species

Answer 42

Genetic Diversity

Question 43

Kingdom, phylum

Answer 43

Organisms Diversity

Question 44

Chromosome Nucleotide Genes Genomic size

Answer 44

Genetic Diversity

Question 45

Needs turned into wants, which led to

Answer 45

exploitation

Question 46

Established colleges to teach agriculture and conservation

Answer 46

Morrill Act of 1862

Question 47

Its purpose was to preserve the natural resources of the area

Answer 47

1872 Yellowstone National Park

Question 48

Regulates the shipment of illegally killed animals.

Answer 48

Lacey Act - 1900

Question 49

Federal agency responsible for the care of the national parks.

Answer 49

National Park Service

Question 50

First step in protecting migratory birds.

Answer 50

1929 Migratory Bird Conservation Act

Question 51

Requires people planning on hunting migratory birds to purchase special stamps.

Answer 51

1937 Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

Question 52

Raises money in the form of 11% tax on hunting equipment and ammunition

Answer 52

1937 Pittman-Robertson Act

Question 53

A system of wildlife refuges across the United States.

Answer 53

1966 Wildlife Refuge System

Question 54

Identifies and manages rare, threatened and endangered species.

Answer 54

1973 Endangered Species Act

Question 55

Biodiversity is fundamental to the stability and functioning of ecosystems.

Answer 55

Ecosystem Functioning

Question 56

Greater biodiversity often means that ecosystems are more resilient to environmental changes

Answer 56

Resilience of Ecosystems

Question 57

A diverse range of species ensures complex food webs, which help maintain ecological balance.

Answer 57

Food Webs and Balance

Question 58

Many industries rely on biodiversity for resources, such as timber, medicinal plants, and agricultural crops.

Answer 58

Natural Resources

Question 60

Biodiversity supports eco-tourism, which is a growing industry.

Answer 60

Tourism

Question 61

Biodiversity contributes to agricultural stability by promoting a variety of crops and livestock

Answer 61

Agricultural Benefits

Question 62

Many cultures, traditions, and practices are closely linked to biodiversity.

Answer 62

Cultural Importance

Question 63

The beauty and wonder of nature, including plants, animals, and landscapes

Answer 63

Aesthetic Value

Question 64

Many of today’s medicines are derived from plants, fungi, and animals.

Answer 64

Medicinal Resources

Question 65

Healthy ecosystems provide services like water purification, air quality regulation, and disease regulation

Answer 65

Ecosystem Services

Question 65

Every species has intrinsic value, meaning they have the right to exist, regardless of their utility to humans.

Answer 65

Right to Exist

Question 66

Large-scale clearing of forests for agriculture, urbanization, and logging reduces habitats for many species.

Answer 66

Deforestation

Question 67

As cities and towns expand, natural habitats are replaced by buildings, roads, and other infrastructure

Answer 67

Urbanization and Infrastructure Development

Question 68

The conversion of forests, grasslands, and wetlands into agricultural land disrupts ecosystems and can lead to monocultures

Answer 68

Agricultural Expansion

Question 69

Climate change is altering temperature patterns, affecting species’ survival, migration patterns, and reproduction.

Answer 69

Rising Temperatures

Question 70

Droughts, floods, hurricanes, and other extreme weather events that are becoming more frequent due to climate change

Answer 70

Changing Weather Patterns

Question 71

Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are absorbed by oceans, making them more acidic.

Answer 71

Ocean Acidification

Question 72

Chemicals, plastics, and waste products pollute the air, water, and soil, threatening both terrestrial and aquatic species.

Answer 72

Air and Water Pollution

Question 73

Millions of tons of plastic waste enter the oceans every year, leading to entanglement, ingestion, and poisoning of marine life.

Answer 73

Plastic Pollution

Question 74

Illegal hunting and poaching of endangered species for their fur, tusks, or medicinal use

Answer 74

Hunting and Poaching

Question 74

Pesticides, herbicides, and industrial chemicals often harm non-target species and disrupt ecosystems

Answer 74

Chemical Pollution

Question 74

It depletes marine fish populations, disrupts aquatic ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of communities dependent on fishing.

Answer 74

Overfishing

Question 75

The demand for timber, palm oil, and other resources can lead to unsustainable practices that destroy habitats and put pressure on species.

Answer 75

Deforestation for Timber and Palm Oil

Question 76

refers to the process by which humans (Homo sapiens) developed from earlier hominid ancestors over millions of years.

Answer 76

Human evolution

Question 77

They had smaller brains compared to modern humans but had the beginnings of social and cooperative behaviors

Answer 77

Early Hominins

Question 77

The genus Homo emerged around 2.5 million years ago with species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, who exhibited larger brains and the use of tools.

Answer 77

Genus Homo

Question 78

lived alongside early humans for thousands of years. Despite their physical differences, Neanderthals had culture, used tools, and possibly had language and symbolic behavior.

Answer 78

Neanderthals

Question 79

another archaic human group, interbred with early humans, contributing to the genetic diversity in modern populations.

Answer 79

Denisovans

Question 80

This sociality led to the development of complex social structures, including family units, tribes, and eventually larger communities.

Answer 80

Social Behavior and Cooperation

Question 80

They have a significantly larger brain compared to earlier hominins, especially the neocortex, which is responsible for higher-order thinking, planning, and social behavior.

Answer 80

Homo sapiens

Question 81

one of the most important human behaviors, allowed early humans to share information, coordinate group activities, and pass on knowledge.

Answer 81

Communication and Language

Question 82

The evolution of the brain, particularly the neocortex, allowed humans to engage in abstract thinking, problem-solving, and planning for the future.

Answer 82

Cognitive Development and Problem-Solving

Question 82

Parental investment is high in humans, with mothers and fathers often both contributing to the care and upbringing of children.

Answer 82

Parenting and Child-Rearing

Question 83

it is often helping others in need without immediate personal gain.

Answer 83

Altruism

Question 84

the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, is an important part of human behavior.

Answer 84

Empathy

Question 84

Early humans made simple stone tools for hunting and gathering, and later developed more sophisticated tools, including weapons, agricultural implements, and eventually complex machinery.

Answer 84

Tool Use and Technological Innovation

Question 85

has evolved alongside biology. Early humans created art, religious practices, and social norms

Answer 85

Cultural Evolution