Prelim Flashcards
FERTILIZATION
process by which sperm and ovum – the male and female
gametes, or sex cells – combine to create
a single cell called a zygote.
zygote
combine to create
a single cell called
Dizygotic Twins
Fraternal twins
• the result of two separate eggs being
fertilized by two different sperm to form
two unique individuals.
• Tend to run in families and are the result of
multiple eggs being released at one time.
Monozygotic Twins
Identical Twins
• Result from the cleaving of one fertilized
egg and are generally, identical.
• They can still differ outwardly.
Mitosis
• Process by which the non-sex cells divide
in half over and over again.
• The DNA replicates itself, so that each
newly formed cells has the same DNA
structures as all the others
Mutation
Permanent alterations in genes or
chromosomes that may produce harmful
characteristics.
SEX CHROMOSOMES
23rd pair of
chromosome; one from the father and one
from the mother.
– Are either X or Y chromosomes
– X – Female
– Y - Male
ALLELES
Genes that can produce
alternative expressions of a characteristic.
– Two or more alternative forms of a gene that
occupy the same position on paired
chromosomes and affect the same trait.
HOMOZYGOUS
possessing two
identical alleles for a trait
HETEROZYGOUS
possessing differing alleles for a trait.
Dominant Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed
Recessive Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a
nondominant trait.
Polygenic Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait.
ALPHA1 ANTITRYPSIN
DEFICIENCY
• Enzyme deficiency that can lead to
cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy and
emphysema and degenerative lung
disease in middle age.
Alpha thalassemia
Severe anemia that reduces ability of the
blood to carry oxygen; nearly all affected
infants are stillborn or die soon after birth
Beta thalassemia (Cooley’s
Anemia)
• Severe anemia resulting in weakness,
fatigue, and frequent illness; usually fatal
in adolescence or young adulthood.
Cystic Fibrosis
• Overproduction of mucus, which collects in
the lung and digestive tract; children do
not grow normally and usually do not live
beyond age 30; the most common inherited lethal defect among white people.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
• Fatal disease usually found in males,
marked by muscle weakness; minor
retardation is common; respiratory failure
and death usually occur in young
adulthood.
Hemophilia
• Excessive bleeding, usually affecting
males; in its most severe form, can lead to
crippling arthritis in adulthood
Anencephaly
• Absence of brain tissues; infants are
stillborn or die soon after birth
Spina Bifida
• Incompletely closed spinal canal, resulting
in muscle weakness or paralysis and loss
of bladder and bowel control; often
accompanied by hydrocephalus, an
accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain,
which can lead to mental retardation.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Rare genetic condition that causes an
amino acid called phenylalanine to build
up in the body.
• Metabolic disorder resulting in mental
retardation
Polycystic Kidney Disease
• Infantile form: enlarged kidneys, leading to
respiratory problems and congestive heart
failure
• Adult form: kidney pain, kidney stones,
and hypertension resulting in chronic
kidney failure.
Sickle-cell Anemia
• Deformed, fragile red blood cells that can
clog the blood vessels, depriving the body
of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain,
stunted growth, frequent infections, leg
ulcers, gallstones, susceptibility to
pneumonia, and stroke
Tay-Sachs Disease
• Degenerative disease of the brain and
nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5.
DOWN SYNDROME
• Most common chromosomal abnormality
• Accounts for about 40% of all cases of
moderate-to-severe mental retardation
• Also called as TRISOMY 21 because it is
characterized in more than 90% of cases by
an extra 21st chromosome.
• 1 in 700 babies
• The brains of children appear nearly normal at birth but shrink in volume by young adulthood, particularly in
the hippocampal area and prefrontal cortex,
resulting in cognitive dysfunction.
Labor
apt term for the process of giving birth.
• What brings on labor is a series of uterine, cervical, and other changes called parturition. Parturition is the act or process of giving birth, and it typically begins about 2 weeks before delivery, when sharply rising estrogen levels stimulate the uterus to contract and the cervix to become more flexible
vaginal delivery
The usual method of childbirth
cesarean delivery
-can be used to surgically remove the baby from the uterus through an incision in the mother’s abdomen.
• The operation is commonly performed when labor
progresses too slow, when the fetus seems to be in trouble,
or when the mother is blessing vaginally.
-carry risks of serious complications
for the mother, such as bleeding, infection, damage to
pelvic organs, and postoperative pain, and heighten risks of problems in future pregnancies.
Natural/Prepared childbirth
method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.
Neonatal period:
first four weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
- The place on the head where the bones of a neonate have not
yet grown together – the fontanels, or soft spots – are covered by a tough membrane.
- Almost all new babies are covered with vernix caseosa (“cheesy varnish”), an oil protection against infection that dries within the first few days.
Kangaroo care
method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth
Cephalocaudal principle
principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that
is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.
Proximodistal principle
principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of
the body near the center develop before the extremities.
EARLY SENSORY CAPACITIES OF INFANTS
•Touch and Pain
•Smell and Taste
•Hearing
•Sight
Denver developmental screening test
screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are
developing normally.
