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MC 4 > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

study of reasoning

A

Logic

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2
Q

Father of Logic

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

first to devise systematic criteria for analyzing and evaluating arguments

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

Aristotle’s logic called

A

Syllogistic Logic

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5
Q

one of the founders of the Stoic school

A

Chrysippus

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6
Q

first major logician of the Middle Ages

A

Peter Abelard

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7
Q

(2) He reconstructed and refined the Logic of Aristotle and Chrysippus as communicated by _____

A

Peter Abelard, Boethius

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8
Q

focused on modal logic

A

William of Occam

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9
Q

kind of logic that involves such notion as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt

A

Modal logic

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10
Q

higher-level language used to discuss linguistic entities such as words, terms, propositions, and alike

A

Metalanguage

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11
Q

attempted to develop a symbolic language or calculus that could be used to settle all forms of disputes, like in theology, philosophy, or international relations

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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12
Q

Father of Symbolic Logic

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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13
Q

continued the efforts of Leibniz into the 19th century

A

Bernard Bolzano

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14
Q

Mathematicians and philosophers continued the works and studies in symbolic logic

A

Augustus DeMorgan, George Boole, William Stanley Jevons, and John Venn

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15
Q

reintroduced inductive logic

A

John Stuart Mill

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16
Q

laid down the foundation of modern mathematical logic

A

Gottlob Frege

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17
Q

(2) His ______ sets forth the theory of quantification

A

Gottlob Frege, BEGRIFFSCHRIFT

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18
Q

introduced Principia Mathematica which attempted to reduce the whole of pure mathematics to logic.

A

Bertrand Russell

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19
Q

According to _______, there are 2 classifications of logic

A

Bittle (1950)

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20
Q

FORMS OF LOGIC

A

NATURAL LOGIC AND SCIENTIFIC LOGIC

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21
Q

gift of reason, naturally endowed to man as a special faculty which enables him to have a sense of what is logical or reasonable and what is not

A

Natural logic

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22
Q

____ is essentially rational by nature by virtue of which he stands apart and above all creatures.

A

Man

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23
Q

tool used to help sharpen our reasoning ability

A

Scientific logic

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24
Q

As a SCIENCE, logic is viewed in three (3) aspects, namely

A
  1. Data
  2. Procedure, system, or method
  3. Validity
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25
Q

As an ART, logic is viewed in relation to the Greek word ______ which means skills, ability, or craft

A

Techne

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26
Q

MAJOR APPROACHES IN LOGIC

A

Formal Logic and Informal Logic

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27
Q

Informal Logic

A
  1. Rhetorical Argument
  2. Dialectical Argument
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28
Q

appears to be more sympathetic in attitude or tenor

A

Rhetorical Argument

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29
Q

consider argumentation as a form of dialogical exchange and resolution of disputes

A

Dialectical Argument

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30
Q

follows a formal tenor of reasoning

A

Formal logic

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31
Q

Formal logic

A

Traditional Aristotelian Logic and Modern Symbolic Logic

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32
Q

an attempt to develop logical tools that can analyze and assess the informal reasoning that occurs in natural language contexts

A

Informal logic

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33
Q

deals with the study of deductive argument through classical syllogism which emphasizes the relationship of words

A

TRADITIONAL ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC

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34
Q

deals with the study of deductive argument with emphasis on the relationship between statements, not words

A

Modern symbolic logic

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35
Q

the subject matter

A

Material object

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36
Q

Material object includes three (3) mental operations

A

Term, preposition, and arguments

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37
Q

refers to the special viewpoint in which the material object is studied by a particular science

A

Formal object

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38
Q

Is a product of man which is an expressive sign of his inner feelings, emotions, thoughts, rationalizations, and creativities

A

Language

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39
Q

CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE

A

Natural language and Artificial language

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40
Q

ordinary language that is spoken by a group of individuals as their native tongue

A

Natural language

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41
Q

is a machine language used to code letters, numbers, instructions, and storage locations

A

Artificial language

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42
Q

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

A
  1. Descriptive function
  2. Expressive function
  3. Directive function
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43
Q

According to _____ , the basic functions of language…

A

Copi and Cohen (1997)

44
Q

also known as INFORMATIVE FUNCTION

A

Descriptive function

45
Q

deals with the speaker’s use of language in conveying his feelings and in evoking emotional response from the listener

A

EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION

46
Q

relates to commands and requests where sentences are used and evaluated as right or wrong and not as true or false

A

DIRECTIVE FUNCTION

47
Q

Is the study of signs

A

SEMIOTICS OR SEMIOLOGY

48
Q

THE ELEMENTS OF SIGNS

A
  1. Signifier
  2. Signified
  3. Referent
49
Q

a material or physical form of the sign

A

Signifier

50
Q

the mental concept represented by the signifier

A

Signified

51
Q

considered as an aspect of sign

A

Referent

52
Q

______ divided the study of semiotics into 3 areas

A

Charles Morris (1946)

53
Q

AREAS OF SEMIOTICS

A
  1. Syntactics
  2. Semantics
  3. Pragmatics
54
Q

or syntax, is concerned with the way sentences are constructed from smaller parts, such as words and phrases

A

Syntactics

55
Q

the study of meaning in language

A

Semantics

56
Q

the study of the relation of signs to their context

A

Pragmatics

57
Q

basic component of a syllogism

A

Terms

58
Q

Is a basic unit of language, is composed of different letters

A

Word

59
Q

words that have no semantic content or meaning like articles (a, an, the), prepositions (at, to, for, in, by), and conjunctions (and, that, when, while, although)

A

Function words

60
Q

Categories of words

A

Function words and content words

61
Q

words that have meaning

A

Content words

62
Q

Are composed of ideas

A

Concepts

63
Q

When a word or group of words is used to express a concept

A

Terms

64
Q

mental representation or an object in reality

A

Concepts

65
Q

also used to refer to a concept, idea or term

A

Notion

66
Q

KINDS OF SIGNS

A

Natural signs and conventional signs

67
Q

symbolize natural consequences, the cause and its corresponding effect

A

Natural signs

68
Q

the meanings come from human convention

A

Conventional signs

69
Q

ELEMENTS OF A TERM

A

Comprehension and Extension

70
Q

includes the characteristics, attributes, or qualities that the term implies

A

Comprehension

71
Q

refers to group of individual objects to which the term may be correctly applied

A

Extension

72
Q

Classification of terms

A
  1. Quantity
  2. Quality
  3. Incompatibility
73
Q

Quantity

A

Singular term, particular term, and universal term

74
Q

Quality

A

Univocal term and equivocal term

75
Q

Incompatibility

A

Contradictory term and contrary term

76
Q

applies to 1 individual

A

Singular term

77
Q

applies to some portion of a class

A

Particular term

78
Q

applies to all the members of a class

A

Universal term

79
Q

when a term carries exactly the same meaning even if it is predicated on 2 or more individuals

A

Univocal term

80
Q

when a term changes its meaning when it is predicated on different individuals

A

Equivocal term

81
Q

are terms which are absolutely opposite to each other in meaning

A

Contradictory term

82
Q

are terms which are opposing to each other because they represent 2 extremes in a particular order or class of nature or reality

A

Contrary term

83
Q

Makes a term clear and a sentence true

A

Definition

84
Q

Parts of definition

A

Definiendum and definiens

85
Q

refers to the term to be defined as the subject matter

A

Definiendum

86
Q

refers to the definition of the predicate term

A

Definiens

87
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEFINITION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

A
  1. Lexical definition
  2. Stipulative definition
  3. Precising definition
  4. Persuasive definition
  5. Theoretical definition
88
Q

A lexical or reportive definition always involves 3 persons

A

Definer, hearer, group of people or language community

89
Q

reports the way in which a term is already used within a language community

A

Lexical Definition

90
Q

who is explaining the meaning of the word

A

Definer

91
Q

whom the meaning is defined

A

Hearer

92
Q

which uses the word and giving its meaning

A

Group of people/ language community

93
Q

freely assigns meaning to a completely new term, creating a usage that has not previously existed

A

Stipulative definition

94
Q

are used for the purpose of eliminating ambiguity or vagueness

A

Precising definition

95
Q

an attempt to attach an emotive meaning to the use of a term

A

Persuasive definition

96
Q

constructed in the light of certain physical theories

A

Theoretical definition

97
Q

statements claiming a truth or falsity

A

Preposition

98
Q

Methods of Definition

A

Denotative and connotative method

99
Q

SUB-METHODS OF DENOTATIVE METHOD

A

Definition by…
Description
Example/Enumeration
Ostension/Demonstration

100
Q

THE CONNOTATIVE METHOD OF DEFINITION

A

Definition by…
Synonyms
Analysis

101
Q

defines a term by identifying the extensions or objects the definiendum signifies

A

DENOTATIVE METHOD

102
Q

Defines a term by identifying the intensions or qualities the definiendum implies

A

CONNOTATIVE METHOD

103
Q

Lists the different material descriptions ascribed to a certain word

A

DEFINITION BY DESCRIPTION

104
Q

explains that examples associated with the word defined

A

DEFINITION BY EXAMPLE/ENUMERATION

105
Q

consists of presenting, pointing, or demonstrating a concrete object which the term applies

A

DEFINITION BY OSTENSION OR DEMONSTRATION

106
Q

a simple method
refers to another word with a similar meaning which is used in place of the word being defined

A

Definition by synonym

107
Q

also known as Aristotelian method of defining by genus and specific difference

A

DEFINITION BY ANALYSIS

MC 4 (1 decks)

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