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PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

study of reasoning

A

Logic

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2
Q

Father of Logic

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

first to devise systematic criteria for analyzing and evaluating arguments

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

Aristotle’s logic called

A

Syllogistic Logic

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5
Q

one of the founders of the Stoic school

A

Chrysippus

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6
Q

first major logician of the Middle Ages

A

Peter Abelard

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7
Q

(2) He reconstructed and refined the Logic of Aristotle and Chrysippus as communicated by _____

A

Peter Abelard, Boethius

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8
Q

focused on modal logic

A

William of Occam

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9
Q

kind of logic that involves such notion as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt

A

Modal logic

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10
Q

higher-level language used to discuss linguistic entities such as words, terms, propositions, and alike

A

Metalanguage

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11
Q

attempted to develop a symbolic language or calculus that could be used to settle all forms of disputes, like in theology, philosophy, or international relations

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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12
Q

Father of Symbolic Logic

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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13
Q

continued the efforts of Leibniz into the 19th century

A

Bernard Bolzano

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14
Q

Mathematicians and philosophers continued the works and studies in symbolic logic

A

Augustus DeMorgan, George Boole, William Stanley Jevons, and John Venn

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15
Q

reintroduced inductive logic

A

John Stuart Mill

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16
Q

laid down the foundation of modern mathematical logic

A

Gottlob Frege

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17
Q

(2) His ______ sets forth the theory of quantification

A

Gottlob Frege, BEGRIFFSCHRIFT

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18
Q

introduced Principia Mathematica which attempted to reduce the whole of pure mathematics to logic.

A

Bertrand Russell

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19
Q

According to _______, there are 2 classifications of logic

A

Bittle (1950)

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20
Q

FORMS OF LOGIC

A

NATURAL LOGIC AND SCIENTIFIC LOGIC

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21
Q

gift of reason, naturally endowed to man as a special faculty which enables him to have a sense of what is logical or reasonable and what is not

A

Natural logic

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22
Q

____ is essentially rational by nature by virtue of which he stands apart and above all creatures.

A

Man

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23
Q

tool used to help sharpen our reasoning ability

A

Scientific logic

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24
Q

As a SCIENCE, logic is viewed in three (3) aspects, namely

A
  1. Data
  2. Procedure, system, or method
  3. Validity
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25
As an ART, logic is viewed in relation to the Greek word ______ which means skills, ability, or craft
Techne
26
MAJOR APPROACHES IN LOGIC
Formal Logic and Informal Logic
27
Informal Logic
1. Rhetorical Argument 2. Dialectical Argument
28
appears to be more sympathetic in attitude or tenor
Rhetorical Argument
29
consider argumentation as a form of dialogical exchange and resolution of disputes
Dialectical Argument
30
follows a formal tenor of reasoning
Formal logic
31
Formal logic
Traditional Aristotelian Logic and Modern Symbolic Logic
32
an attempt to develop logical tools that can analyze and assess the informal reasoning that occurs in natural language contexts
Informal logic
33
deals with the study of deductive argument through classical syllogism which emphasizes the relationship of words
TRADITIONAL ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC
34
deals with the study of deductive argument with emphasis on the relationship between statements, not words
Modern symbolic logic
35
the subject matter
Material object
36
Material object includes three (3) mental operations
Term, preposition, and arguments
37
refers to the special viewpoint in which the material object is studied by a particular science
Formal object
38
Is a product of man which is an expressive sign of his inner feelings, emotions, thoughts, rationalizations, and creativities
Language
39
CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGE
Natural language and Artificial language
40
ordinary language that is spoken by a group of individuals as their native tongue
Natural language
41
is a machine language used to code letters, numbers, instructions, and storage locations
Artificial language
42
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE
1. Descriptive function 2. Expressive function 3. Directive function
43
According to _____ , the basic functions of language...
Copi and Cohen (1997)
44
also known as INFORMATIVE FUNCTION
Descriptive function
45
deals with the speaker’s use of language in conveying his feelings and in evoking emotional response from the listener
EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION
46
relates to commands and requests where sentences are used and evaluated as right or wrong and not as true or false
DIRECTIVE FUNCTION
47
Is the study of signs
SEMIOTICS OR SEMIOLOGY
48
THE ELEMENTS OF SIGNS
1. Signifier 2. Signified 3. Referent
49
a material or physical form of the sign
Signifier
50
the mental concept represented by the signifier
Signified
51
considered as an aspect of sign
Referent
52
______ divided the study of semiotics into 3 areas
Charles Morris (1946)
53
AREAS OF SEMIOTICS
1. Syntactics 2. Semantics 3. Pragmatics
54
or syntax, is concerned with the way sentences are constructed from smaller parts, such as words and phrases
Syntactics
55
the study of meaning in language
Semantics
56
the study of the relation of signs to their context
Pragmatics
57
basic component of a syllogism
Terms
58
Is a basic unit of language, is composed of different letters
Word
59
words that have no semantic content or meaning like articles (a, an, the), prepositions (at, to, for, in, by), and conjunctions (and, that, when, while, although)
Function words
60
Categories of words
Function words and content words
61
words that have meaning
Content words
62
Are composed of ideas
Concepts
63
When a word or group of words is used to express a concept
Terms
64
mental representation or an object in reality
Concepts
65
also used to refer to a concept, idea or term
Notion
66
KINDS OF SIGNS
Natural signs and conventional signs
67
symbolize natural consequences, the cause and its corresponding effect
Natural signs
68
the meanings come from human convention
Conventional signs
69
ELEMENTS OF A TERM
Comprehension and Extension
70
includes the characteristics, attributes, or qualities that the term implies
Comprehension
71
refers to group of individual objects to which the term may be correctly applied
Extension
72
Classification of terms
1. Quantity 2. Quality 3. Incompatibility
73
Quantity
Singular term, particular term, and universal term
74
Quality
Univocal term and equivocal term
75
Incompatibility
Contradictory term and contrary term
76
applies to 1 individual
Singular term
77
applies to some portion of a class
Particular term
78
applies to all the members of a class
Universal term
79
when a term carries exactly the same meaning even if it is predicated on 2 or more individuals
Univocal term
80
when a term changes its meaning when it is predicated on different individuals
Equivocal term
81
are terms which are absolutely opposite to each other in meaning
Contradictory term
82
are terms which are opposing to each other because they represent 2 extremes in a particular order or class of nature or reality
Contrary term
83
Makes a term clear and a sentence true
Definition
84
Parts of definition
Definiendum and definiens
85
refers to the term to be defined as the subject matter
Definiendum
86
refers to the definition of the predicate term
Definiens
87
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEFINITION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. Lexical definition 2. Stipulative definition 3. Precising definition 4. Persuasive definition 5. Theoretical definition
88
A lexical or reportive definition always involves 3 persons
Definer, hearer, group of people or language community
89
reports the way in which a term is already used within a language community
Lexical Definition
90
who is explaining the meaning of the word
Definer
91
whom the meaning is defined
Hearer
92
which uses the word and giving its meaning
Group of people/ language community
93
freely assigns meaning to a completely new term, creating a usage that has not previously existed
Stipulative definition
94
are used for the purpose of eliminating ambiguity or vagueness
Precising definition
95
an attempt to attach an emotive meaning to the use of a term
Persuasive definition
96
constructed in the light of certain physical theories
Theoretical definition
97
statements claiming a truth or falsity
Preposition
98
Methods of Definition
Denotative and connotative method
99
SUB-METHODS OF DENOTATIVE METHOD
Definition by... Description Example/Enumeration Ostension/Demonstration
100
THE CONNOTATIVE METHOD OF DEFINITION
Definition by... Synonyms Analysis
101
defines a term by identifying the extensions or objects the definiendum signifies
DENOTATIVE METHOD
102
Defines a term by identifying the intensions or qualities the definiendum implies
CONNOTATIVE METHOD
103
Lists the different material descriptions ascribed to a certain word
DEFINITION BY DESCRIPTION
104
explains that examples associated with the word defined
DEFINITION BY EXAMPLE/ENUMERATION
105
consists of presenting, pointing, or demonstrating a concrete object which the term applies
DEFINITION BY OSTENSION OR DEMONSTRATION
106
a simple method refers to another word with a similar meaning which is used in place of the word being defined
Definition by synonym
107
also known as Aristotelian method of defining by genus and specific difference
DEFINITION BY ANALYSIS

MC 4 (1 decks)

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