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MAMMO > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

The most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by

A

Halstead in 1898.

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2
Q

The primary goal

A

to detect breast cancer before it is palpable.

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3
Q

a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.

A

In 1924

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4
Q

Father of Mammography

A

Robert Egan, MD
1960s at M.D. Anderson Hospital

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5
Q

Reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers.

A

Dr. Soloman - German physician

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6
Q

Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread.

A

Dr. Soloman - German physician

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6
Q

Made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.

A

Otto Kleinschmidt 1927

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7
Q

publications on mammography appeared in South America, the United States, and Europe but still the use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest.

A

1930s

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8
Q

mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinements as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high-detail, industrial-grade x-ray film.

A

Mid 1950s

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8
Q

Xerography was introduced and was popularized by

A

Wolfe and Ruzicka. 1960s

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9
Q

substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the patient compared with the dose received using industrial grade x-ray film

A

Xerography

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10
Q

Many physicians found the xerographic images easier to understand and evaluate

A

xeromammography became widely used for evaluating breast disease.

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11
Q

The first attempts at widespread population screening began at this time.

A

1960s

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11
Q

first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster-speed x-ray film and an intensifying screen.

A

duPont Company

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12
Q

The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented.

A

1973

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13
Q

(BCDDP

A

Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project

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14
Q

Kodak and duPont improved screen-film combinations.

By this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures.

Since then, faster lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced

A

1975

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15
Q

public perception was that radiation exposure from diagnostic x-rays would induce more breast cancers than would be detected.

A

Mid 1970s

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15
Q

Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.

A

1992

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16
Q

Although this perception is false, fear of radiation exposure still causes some women to refuse mammography, and many women who undergo the examination are concerned about exposure levels and the resultant risk of carcinogenesis.

A

1970s

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17
Q

Hormones influence the glandular tissue of the breast during breast development, pregnancy, and lactation; however, hormone levels decline at the onset of menopause.

A

HORMONAL HISTORY

18
Q

The incidence of breast cancer increases with age

A

AGE

19
Q

As a result, the glandular breast tissue is more sensitive to BLANK during BLANK

A

carcinogens during menarche.

20
Q

A woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at higher risk of developing the disease.

A

FAMILY HISTORY

21
Q

However, studies have shown that only _____ of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease.

A

13.6%

21
Q

The mammary glands divide the blank

A

superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components.

22
Q

The breasts (mammary glands) are lobulated glandular structure located within

A

the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both males and females

23
Q

In males, the breasts are BLANK and without function.

A

rudimentary

24
Q

Male breasts are only rarely subject to abnormalities, such as

A

neoplasms, that require radiologic evaluation.

24
Q

Secondary sex characteristics and function as accessory glands to the reproductive system by

A

producing and secreting milk during lactation.

25
Q

Each breast is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface of the breast overlying the

A

pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.

26
Q

These muscles extend from the

A

second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib and from near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillary plane.

26
Q

An additional portion of breast tissue, the

A

axillary prolongation or axillary tail, extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa

27
Q

The breast tapers anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the

A

areola.

28
Q

The breasts are supported by BLANK suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia into the subcutaneous tissue and skin.

A

Cooper ‘s ligaments

29
Q

The adult female breast consists of BLANK, which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial.

A

15 to 20 lobes

30
Q

are the basic structural units of the breast.

A

LOBULES

31
Q

The lobules contain the

A

glandular elements, or acini

32
Q

Significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast.

This change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque.

A

DURING PREGNANCY

32
Q

must be appropriate for the breast being imaged.

A

Cassette size

32
Q

he radiographer should consider the BLANK AND BLANK to successfully image a much breast tissue as possible.

A

breast anatomy and patient body habitus

33
Q

Contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogeneous radiographic image with little tissue differentiation.

The development of glandular tissue decrease radiographic contrast.

A

POST PUBERTAL ADOLESCENT BREAST

34
Q

normal sequence may be altered by external factors such as

A

pregnancy, hormone medications, surgical menopause, and fibrocystic breast condition.

35
Q

Since then, faster lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced.

A

1975

36
Q

improved screen-film combinations.

A

Kodak and duPont

36
Q

By this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures.

A

1975

37
Q

Breast cancer is

A

IS EMOTIONAL

IS BIOLOGIC

37
Q

was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.

A

Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) 1992

38
Q

The most treatable cancer.

This malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed toward developing breast cancer screening and early detection methods.

A

Breast cancer

39
Q

Most of the glandular tissue is

A

atrophic.

40
Q

Some glandular tissue remains in the

A

lateral breast posteriorly and in the retro areolar area.

MAMMO (1 decks)

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