PRELIM Flashcards
The most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by
Halstead in 1898.
The primary goal
to detect breast cancer before it is palpable.
a group of male radiologists in Rochester, NY assembled around a view box admiring the chest x-ray of a buxom woman.
In 1924
Father of Mammography
Robert Egan, MD
1960s at M.D. Anderson Hospital
Reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers.
Dr. Soloman - German physician
Using radiographic studies of cancerous breasts removed at surgery, he described the mechanism of how breast cancer spread.
Dr. Soloman - German physician
Made the first published radiograph of a living person’s breast in a German medical textbook on malignant tumors.
Otto Kleinschmidt 1927
publications on mammography appeared in South America, the United States, and Europe but still the use of mammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer received little clinical interest.
1930s
mammography was considered a reliable clinical tool because of such refinements as low-kilovoltage x-ray tubes with molybdenum targets and high-detail, industrial-grade x-ray film.
Mid 1950s
Xerography was introduced and was popularized by
Wolfe and Ruzicka. 1960s
substantially lowered the radiation dose received by the patient compared with the dose received using industrial grade x-ray film
Xerography
Many physicians found the xerographic images easier to understand and evaluate
xeromammography became widely used for evaluating breast disease.
The first attempts at widespread population screening began at this time.
1960s
first introduced the combination of higher resolution, faster-speed x-ray film and an intensifying screen.
duPont Company
The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was implemented.
1973
(BCDDP
Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project
Kodak and duPont improved screen-film combinations.
By this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures.
Since then, faster lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced
1975
public perception was that radiation exposure from diagnostic x-rays would induce more breast cancers than would be detected.
Mid 1970s
Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.
1992
Although this perception is false, fear of radiation exposure still causes some women to refuse mammography, and many women who undergo the examination are concerned about exposure levels and the resultant risk of carcinogenesis.
1970s
Hormones influence the glandular tissue of the breast during breast development, pregnancy, and lactation; however, hormone levels decline at the onset of menopause.
HORMONAL HISTORY
The incidence of breast cancer increases with age
AGE
As a result, the glandular breast tissue is more sensitive to BLANK during BLANK
carcinogens during menarche.
A woman whose daughter, sister, or mother previously developed breast cancer, especially at an early age, is at higher risk of developing the disease.
FAMILY HISTORY
However, studies have shown that only _____ of known breast cancers are found in women with a family history of the disease.
13.6%
The mammary glands divide the blank
superficial fascia into anterior and posterior components.
The breasts (mammary glands) are lobulated glandular structure located within
the superficial fascia of the anterolateral surface of the thorax of both males and females
In males, the breasts are BLANK and without function.
rudimentary
Male breasts are only rarely subject to abnormalities, such as
neoplasms, that require radiologic evaluation.
Secondary sex characteristics and function as accessory glands to the reproductive system by
producing and secreting milk during lactation.
Each breast is usually cone-shaped, with the base or posterior surface of the breast overlying the
pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
These muscles extend from the
second or third rib inferiorly to the sixth or seventh rib and from near the lateral margin of the sternum laterally toward the anterior axillary plane.
An additional portion of breast tissue, the
axillary prolongation or axillary tail, extends from the upper lateral base of the breasts into the axillary fossa
The breast tapers anteriorly from the base, ending in the nipple that is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the
areola.
The breasts are supported by BLANK suspensory ligaments that extend from the posterior layers of the superficial fascia through the anterior fascia into the subcutaneous tissue and skin.
Cooper ‘s ligaments
The adult female breast consists of BLANK, which are distributed so that more lobes are superior and lateral than inferior and medial.
15 to 20 lobes
are the basic structural units of the breast.
LOBULES
The lobules contain the
glandular elements, or acini
Significant hypertrophy of glands and ducts occurs within the breast.
This change causes the breasts to become extremely dense and opaque.
DURING PREGNANCY
must be appropriate for the breast being imaged.
Cassette size
he radiographer should consider the BLANK AND BLANK to successfully image a much breast tissue as possible.
breast anatomy and patient body habitus
Contains primarily dense connective tissue and casts a relatively homogeneous radiographic image with little tissue differentiation.
The development of glandular tissue decrease radiographic contrast.
POST PUBERTAL ADOLESCENT BREAST
normal sequence may be altered by external factors such as
pregnancy, hormone medications, surgical menopause, and fibrocystic breast condition.
Since then, faster lower-dose films, magnification techniques, and grids for scatter reduction have been introduced.
1975
improved screen-film combinations.
Kodak and duPont
By this time, extremely high-quality mammography images could be produced with very low patient radiation exposures.
1975
Breast cancer is
IS EMOTIONAL
IS BIOLOGIC
was implemented to mandate the maintenance of high-quality breast cancer screening programs.
Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) 1992
The most treatable cancer.
This malignancy is most treatable when it is detected early, efforts have been directed toward developing breast cancer screening and early detection methods.
Breast cancer
Most of the glandular tissue is
atrophic.
Some glandular tissue remains in the
lateral breast posteriorly and in the retro areolar area.
