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Prelim Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Disovery of DNA
  2. First person who identified “nuclein” inside the nuclei of our White Blood Cells (WBC)
  3. discovered DNA and the first person to extract DNA using pus in surgical bandages.
A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q
  1. Investigates the Structure of the DNA
  2. First to discover the order of the three major components of single nucleotide
  3. First to discover the:
    - Carbohydrate component of RNA: Ribose
    - Carbohydrate component of DNA
  4. First to correctly identify the way RNA and DNA molecules are put together.
A

Phoebus Levene

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3
Q

total amount of purines which is your Adenine plus Guanine would equate or equal to the total amount of your pyrimidines which your Cytosine and Thymine

A

Chargaff’s rule

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4
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

Erwinn Chargaff

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5
Q

the same nucleotides do not repeat in the same order which is an idea that was proposed by

A

Levene

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6
Q

He noted that the nucleotide composition of DNA varies among species

A

Erwinn Chargaff

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7
Q

Proposed the Double Helix Structure

A

James Watsons & Francis Crick

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8
Q

Work by English researchers, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

A

X-ray Crystallography Work

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9
Q

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT is a project that was proposed in 1987 by

A

Dr. Alvin W. Trivelpiece.

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10
Q

how many chemical base pairs that make up human genomic DNA.

A

3 billion chemical base pairs

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11
Q

Human Genome Project which operated from

A

1990 up to 2003

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12
Q

The Human Genome Project was further intended

A
  1. To Improve the technologies needed to interpret and analyze genomic sequences.
  2. To Identify all the genes encoded in human DNA
  3. To address the ethical, legal, and social implications that may arise from defining the entire human genomic sequence.
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13
Q

in a span of –?–, we were already able to map the whole human genome and all of the chromosomes in the human body and identified where these genes came from

A

13 years

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14
Q

has enable the identification of a variety of genes that are associated with disease

A

HapMap database

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15
Q

the idea that knowledge of patient’s entire genome sequence will give healthcare providers the ability to deliver the most appropriate effective care for that patient

A

personalized medicine

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16
Q

DNA Composition

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, & Nitrogen (CHOPhoN)

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17
Q

holds genetic information that is unique to the organism from which it was isolated

A

DNA

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18
Q

DNA

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

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19
Q

is based on the order or sequence of nucleotides in the nucleic acid polymer

A

DNA storage system

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20
Q

basic structure of DNA is composed of

A

Pentose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base, & Phosphate Group

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21
Q

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers

A

polynucleotides

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22
Q

polynucleotide is consist of many monomers considered the building blocks of all nucleic acid molecule

A

nucleotide

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23
Q

4 Nitrogenous bases that make up the majority of DNA

A

Adenine. Guanine,Cytosine, and Thymine

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24
Q

substitution of Thymine in RNA

A

Uracil

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25
Q

Nitrogen base is attached to the deoxyribose sugar which forms a polymer with the deoxyribose sugar of the other nucleotides through the

A

phospodiester bond

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26
Q

Nine-member Double rings is also known as

A

Purines

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27
Q

Six-member Single Ring is also known as

A

Pyrimidines

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28
Q

Purines

A

Adenine & Guanine

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29
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine, Uracil, & Cytosine

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30
Q

is called a pentose sugar because it has

A

5-carbon ring and 1 oxygen.

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31
Q

The difference between DNA and RNA lies in the

A

C-2’ -position of the ribose sugar ring

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32
Q

In RNA, the carbon at the C-2 position is attached to a?

A

hydroxyl (OH) group

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33
Q

In DNA, the carbon at the C-2 position is attached to a?

A

hydrogen (H) atom.

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34
Q

pentose ring in DNA is considered a deoxyribose because it is a?

A

deoxygenated five-carbon sugar ring

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35
Q

In the absence of the C-2’ hydroxyl group of DNA the sugar is more specifically named

A

2- deoxyribose

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36
Q

a molecule composed of a purine or pyrimidine (nitrogenous base) and a ribose or deoxyribose sugar

A

Nucleoside

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37
Q

Nitrogenous base + Deoxyribose (sugar) =

A

NUCLEOSIDE

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38
Q

If the base is a purine, the –?– atom is covalently bonded to the sugar.

A

N-9 atom

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39
Q

If the base is a pyrimidine, the –?– atom bonds to the sugar

A

N-1 atom

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40
Q

When a phosphate group attaches to a nucleoside through a phosphoester bond it is a?

A

Nucleotide

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41
Q

Nucleoside + Phosphate Group =

A

Nucleotide

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42
Q

phosphoester bond is linked between

A

5’ - hydroxyl group of the sugar and a phosphate group.

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43
Q

Nitrogenous base + sugar = ?
NItrogebous base + sugar + phosphate = ?

A
  1. NUCLEOSIDE
  2. NUCLEOTIDE
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44
Q

numbering of the positions in the nucleotide molecule starts with the

A

ring positions of the nitrogen base

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45
Q

Single units within nucleotides are also called

A

nucleoside monophosphates.

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46
Q

a significant form because it serves as the precursor molecule during nucleic acid synthesis within the cell

A

triphosphate form

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47
Q

In a polynucleotide chain, nucleotides are joined together through phosphodiester bond to form a long chain of nucleotides called as

A

PHOSPHATE DEOXYRIBOSE BACKBONE

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48
Q

formation of a phosphodiester bond involves ? or the removal of a molecule of water

A

dehydration reaction

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49
Q

Such a phosphodiester bond results in a repeating pattern of the sugar-phosphate units called

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

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50
Q

Such a phosphodiester bond results in a repeating pattern of the sugar-phosphate units called a sugar-phosphate backbone, and this provides for the polynucleotide chain with a linkage direction of ?

A

3’–>5’ phosphodiester linkage direction.

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51
Q

T/F: DNA is antiparallel.

A

T

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52
Q

nitrogen bases are oriented towards the –?–where the hydrogen bond with their homologous bases to stabilize the structure.

A

center

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53
Q

two polynucleotide chains in the double helix are held by

A

hydrogen bonding

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54
Q

two polynucleotide chains in the double helix are held by hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases, we call this?

A

base pairing.

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55
Q

Cytosine and guanine has how many hydrogen bonds

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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56
Q

adenine and thymine has ow many hydrogen bonds

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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57
Q

formation of hydrogen bonds between two complementary strands of DNA

A

Hybridization

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58
Q

T/F: Single strands of DNA with identical sequences will not hybridize with each other.

A

T

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59
Q

The bases are positioned such that the sugar phosphate chain that connects them (sugar phosphate backbone) is oriented in a

A

spiral or helix around the nitrogen bases

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60
Q

Two long polynucleotide chains are coiled around a central axis, forming a

A

right-handed double helix.

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61
Q

The two DNA strand are antiparallel, that is, their 5’ –> 3’ orientation runs in what direction

A

opposite direction

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62
Q

base of both chains lie –?– to the axis, and they are stacked on one another.

A

Perpendicular

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63
Q

result of the formation of a hydrogen bond in DNA.

A

Nitrogenous bases of opposite chains are paired

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64
Q

The double helix model is mainly based on the ?

A
  1. X-ray diffraction data collected by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
  2. DNA composition studies observed by Erwin Chargaff.
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65
Q

X-ray diffraction data showed that:
1. DNA is a –?– helix
2. The repeat distance in the helix is –?–, with a diameter of –?–
4. The distance between adjacent nucleotide is –?-

A
  1. regular
  2. 34 angstroms (A ̊ )
  3. 20 A ̊
  4. 3.4 A ̊
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66
Q

The discovery of double helical model of DNA relied on the critical data from

A

Chargaff’s findings

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67
Q

Each complete turn of helix is –?–, The double helix has a diameter of 20 A ̊ .

A

34 A ̊long

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68
Q

The twisting of the two strands around one another forms a double helix with a

A

minor groove and a major groove.

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69
Q

In a minor groove, the distance between the two DNA strands is

A

12 A ̊

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70
Q

In a major groove, the distance between the two DNA strands is

A

22 A ̊

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71
Q

The double helix in DNA is normally right-handed, which means the turns run –?– as viewed along the helical axis

A

clockwise

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72
Q

how many base pairs per turn is an average structure.

A

10 base pairs

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73
Q

If it has more base pairs per turn, it is said to be

A

overwound.

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74
Q

If it has fewer base pairs per turn, then it is

A

underwound

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75
Q

overwound base pairs

A

> 10 base pairs

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76
Q

underwound base pairs

A

< 10 base pairs

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77
Q

The degree of local winding can be affected by

A

overall conformation of the DNA double helix or the binding of proteins to specific sites on the DNA.

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78
Q

Why do we need to emphasize major and minor grooves?

A

major and minor grooves are sites which we take advantage of on how we can denature our DNA.

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79
Q

The double helix is also be penetrated by –?–, molecules that slide transversely into the center of the helix.

A

intercalating agents

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80
Q

can displace your hydrogen bonds and separate the two strands of that double helix.

A

denaturing agents (formamide or urea)

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81
Q

The amount of adenine residues is -?- to the amount of thymine residues in DNA.

A

proportional

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82
Q

the amount of guanine residues is -?- to the amount of cytosine esidues in DNA.

A

proportional

83
Q

T/F: The sum of the purines equal to the sum of pyrimidine.

A

T

84
Q

T/F : The percentage of (G+C) is not necessarily equal the percentage of (A+T)

A

T

85
Q

ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF DNA

A

B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA

86
Q

An alternative form of DNA, the Watson-Crick DNA molecule represents the DNA molecule in solution, which is the DNA molecule that exists in a very high relative humidity environment

A

B-DNA

87
Q

B-DNA exists in a very high relative humidity environment with a percentage of

A

92%)

88
Q

An alternative form of DNA:
1. double helix is said to be right-handed because the turns run as viewed along the helical axis
2. has 10 base pairs in each turn
3. length of one complete turn of the helix
along its axis is 34 A

A

B-DNA

89
Q

An alternative form of DNA bserved when DNA is dehydrated or under high salt conditions

A

A-DNA (deydrated version of B-DNA)

90
Q

An alternative form of DNA:
1. right-handed
2. A-DNA is both shorter and thicker than B-DNA.
3. Each repeat double helix in A-DNA is 24.6 A ̊
4. Each turn has about 11 base pairs (bp).

A

A-DNA (deydrated version of B-DNA)

91
Q

An alternative form of DNA which the backbone formed a zig-zag structure

A

Z-DNA

92
Q

Z-DNA is formed under conditions of

A

high salt or in the presence of alcohol

93
Q

An alternative form of DNA:
1. longer and narrower than B-DNA
2. repeat helix is 45.6 A ̊
3. each helical turn has 12 base pair
4. left-handed helix turns counterclockwise away from the viewer when viewed down its axis.

A

Z-DNA

94
Q

Z-DNA minor groove is (a) and major groove is (b)

A

(a) very deep and narrow
(b) shallow (non-existent)

95
Q

also known to occur in nature when there is a sequence of alternating purinepyrimidine.

A

Z-DNA

96
Q

Z-DNA is also known to occur in nature when there is a sequence of alternating purinepyrimidine. Because sequences with (?) at the number 5 position of the pyrimidine ring can also be found in the Z form and is (?), it may play a role in the regulation of gene activation

A
  1. cytosine methylated
  2. hypo-postulated
97
Q

B-DNA
Helix:
Base pairs per turn:
Repeat helix (length):
Formation:
Structure: N/A

A

: Right-handed
:10 bp
: 34 A ̊
: very high relative humidity environment (92%

98
Q

A-DNA
Helix:
Base pairs per turn:
Repeat helix (length):
Formation:
Structure:

A

: Right-handed
: 11 bp
: 24.6 A ̊
: Dehydrated; under high salt conditions
: Shorter and thicker than B-DNA

99
Q

Z-DNA
Helix:
Base pairs per turn:
Repeat helix (length):
Formation:
Structure:

A

: Left-handed
: 12 bp
: 45 A ̊
: high salt or in the presence of alcohol.
: Longer and narrower than B-DNA
: Zigzag backbone; hypo-postulated so may play a role in gene activation

100
Q

each of the two new daughter cells that are created then receives one copy of the genome through a process called

A

cell division.

101
Q

A process to ensure that the DNA is duplicated before cell division so that each offspring cell receives chromosome(s) identical to the parent’s

A

DNA replication

102
Q

To accomplish this feat in a reasonable period of time, replication initiates throughout –?– at multiple origins along each chromosome.

A

S phase

103
Q

DNA replication must also be coordinated with –?– to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete and unaltered complement of genetic information.

A

chromosome segregation

104
Q

In this model, 2 parental strands separate, allowing each separated strand to serve as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand

A

semiconservative model

105
Q

In this replication mechanism, each double stranded daughter DNA molecule will have:
1. conserved DNA strand that is derived from the parental DNA
2. a newly synthesized strand

A

semiconservative model

106
Q

TYPE OF PHASE

  1. The DNA double helix is opened at the origin of replication and unwound on both sides of the origin to form two structure called replication forks that unwind the double helix in opposite directions.
  2. Replication enzymes and proteins are loaded to the single strand, and these will form the templates for the daughter strands that are to be synthesized
A

INITIATION

107
Q

TYPE OF PHASE

  1. during this phase, the replication machinery moves along the parent DNA strands and forms the daughter strands as it proceeds.
  2. this is the time that you add your nucleotides
A

elongation phase

108
Q

TYPE OF PHASE

In this phase, DNA replication occurs when the two replication forks moving in opposite directions meet, and the replication complexes are disassembled.

A

Termination

109
Q

The process of DNA replication can be divided into three phases:

A

initiation, elongation, and termination.

110
Q

DNA replication starts at specialized sites called –?– and moves away from an origin in both directions, creating a structure known as a -?-

A
  1. origins of replication
  2. replication bubble
111
Q

The DNA double helix is opened at the –?– and unwound on both sides of the origin to form two structure called –?– that unwind the double helix in -?- directions.

A
  1. origins of replication
  2. replication forks
  3. opposite
112
Q

the sites at which single-stranded DNA is exposed, and at which DNA synthesis occurs
(5’ —> 3’ direction)

A

replication forks

113
Q

recruited to the origin Replication bubble allows both strands to be copied in opposing directions

A

Helicase (orange rings)

114
Q

helicase recruits –?– “RNA primers” (green) which synthesize on both strands.

A

primase

115
Q

functions by synthesizing short RNA sequences that are which serves as its template.

A

Primase

116
Q

Why Is there primase?

A

Because your DNA polymerase cannot synthesize nucleotide without a based template.

117
Q

Protein complex that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication

A

Sliding clamp (Beta Clamp)

118
Q

As a critical component of the holoenzyme, the -?-protein binds DNA polymerase and prevents this enzyme from dissociating from the template DNA strand.

A

clamp protein

119
Q

recruited and interacts with the sliding clamp to
elongate 3’end of primers.

A

DNA polymerases (blue)

120
Q

Replication of the leading strand is -?-, but replication of the lagging strand is -?-, and produces short fragments

A
  1. continuous
  2. discontinuous
121
Q

A major enzyme, one that polymerize the nucleic acid chain and reads the template in the 3 primes to the 5 prime directions.

A

DNA polymerase

122
Q

Replication is complete:

RNA primers are -?- and DNA polymerases fill in -?-. DNA ligases -?- any gaps that remain.

A
  1. removed
  2. nucleotides
  3. seal
123
Q

also known as Semidiscontinuous Mechanism

A

Okazaki

124
Q

In this model, both strands could not replicate continuously.

A

Okazaki

125
Q
  1. DNA polymerase could make one strand which is the strand continuously in the 5’ –> 3’ direction at the replication fork on the exposed 3’ –> 5’ template strand.
  2. Its direction of synthesis is the same as the direction in which the replication fork is movingg
A

leading strand

126
Q

The other strand, which is the -?- strand, would have to be made discontinuously in small fragments—Okazaki fragments.

A

Lagging strand

127
Q

The discontinuity of synthesis of the lagging strand is because its direction of synthesis is -?- to the moving direction of the replication fork.

A

opposite

128
Q

The small Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand
are then linked together by an enzyme called?

A

DNA ligase

129
Q

enzyme that harnesses the chemical energy from the ATP hydrolysis to separate the two DNA strands at the replication fork

A

Helicase

130
Q

The binding of –?– can stabilize the single- stranded DNA so they will not anneal to reform the double helix and protect the single-stranded DNA from hydrolysis by nucleases

A

Single-Strand Binding Protein

131
Q

SSBs allows enzymes to attach to the newly opened single strand and initutate –?-

A

elongation

132
Q

T/F: In prokaryotes, DNA exists in a negatively supercoiled, closed circle form

A

T

133
Q

When two DNA strands are separated during replication, -?- are introduced ahead of the replication fork

A

positive supercoils

134
Q

an essential bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent negative super-coiling of double-stranded closed- circular DNA

A

DNA Gyrase

135
Q

DNA gyrase belongs to the class of enzymes known as -?- that are involved in the control of topological transitions of DNA

A

topoisomerases

136
Q

unusual feature of DNA polymerase

A

cannot synthesize a new DNA strand from the very start of the parent strand

137
Q

short strand of RNA is termed

A

primer

138
Q

responsible for copying a short stretch of the DNA template strand to produce the RNA primer sequence

A

Primase

139
Q

The leading strand requires how many primer

A

1

140
Q

the primer is –?– bonded to the template so it can provide a stable framework to which the nascent chain starts to grow.

A

hydrogen-bonded

141
Q

The eukaryotic primase complex contains four subunits:

A
  1. Two of them function as a primase
  2. an αlpha catalytic subunit
  3. an accessary subunit
142
Q

T/F: Primases and αlpha catalytic subunit bind in a complex with the DNA polymerase.

A

T

143
Q

T/F: the polymerase-α subunit-primase complex synthesizes a stretch of 10–30 nucleotides of RNA.

A

T

144
Q

αlpha catalytic subunit continues to synthesize a short stretch of DNA 6before the DNA polymerase takes over the replication process. This phenomenon is called

A

polymerase switching.

145
Q

An exonuclease

A

DNA Polymerase

146
Q
  • A broad class of enzymes that cleave off nucleotides one at a time from the three prime or five prime ends of DNA and RNA chains
  • it also functions to protect the sequence of nucleotides, which must be faithfully copied
A

Exonucleases

147
Q

this enzyme will remove a mismatch in the primer sequence before beginning polymerization

A

DNA Polymerase

148
Q

During DNA synthesis, this exonuclease function gives the enzyme the capacity to –?– newly synthesized DNA, that is, to remove a misincorporated nucleotide by breaking the phosphodiester bond and replace it with the correct one

A

proofread

149
Q

First polymerase enzyme to direct during the
initial synthesis

A

DNA Polymerase III

150
Q

T/F: after RNA removal, DNA polymerase I uses its polymerase activity to fill in the gap left by the RNA with new DNA.

A

T

151
Q
  • can synthesize polynucleotide chains without a template
  • This enzyme will add nucleotides to the end of a DNA strand in the absence of hydrogen base pairing with a template.
  • used in the laboratory to generate 3 ′ -end labeled DNA specie
A

Terminal Transferase

152
Q

T/F: Only DNA polymerase I has 5’ –> 3’ exonuclease activity which can remove short stretches of nucleotides during repair.

A

T

153
Q

also called nick translation.

A

cut-and-patch process

154
Q

Polymerase I also uses nick translation in the –?– process

A

repairing process

155
Q

enzyme responsible for sealing the nick between the new strands and the synthesized by polymerase III and polymeraseI

A

DNA Ligase

156
Q

often used in vitro as a method to introduce labeled nucleotides into DNA molecules. The resulting labeled products are used for DNA detection in hybridization analyses.

A

Nick translation

157
Q
  1. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
  2. Responsible for the coupling of DNA replication
  3. Composed of: DNA polymerase, Sliding clamp, & Clamp loader
A

Replisome

158
Q

The coupling of DNA replication on the leading and lagging strands is achieved by physically associating the proteins replicating each strand into one large protein called

A

replication complex, or replisome.

159
Q

play an important role in recruiting DNA polymerase to the appropriate location on the DNA template. They localize specifically at the region where DNA synthesis needs to commence.

A

clamp loader and sliding clamp

160
Q

responsible for holding catalytic cores onto their template strands.

A

sliding clamp

161
Q

places the clamp on DNA

A

clamp loade

162
Q

Polymerases are linked together by a protein called –?– and is associated with the clamp loader and links this polymerases-clamp loader complex to the helicase.

A

Tau protein

163
Q

replication pattern of most eukaryotic and bacterial DNAs

A

Bidirectional replication

164
Q

circular E. coli chromosome has a –?– because it replicates from a single starting point—the origin of replication.

A

single replicon

165
Q

replicating DNA begins to take on the -?- shape until both replication fork meet on the other side of the circle

A

theta (θ)

166
Q

T/F: Eukaryotic chromosomes have many replicons, and the replication in these replicons begins simultaneously.

A

T

167
Q

end of the chromosome,

A

telomere

168
Q

The two circular DNA are separated by

A

topoisomerases

169
Q
  • enzymes that in the degree of DNA supercoiling.
  • They can also convert one isomer of DNA to another
  • has 2 Families: Type I & Type II
A

topoisomerase

170
Q

topoisomerase family:

enzymes transiently cleave and reseal one strand of duplex DNA in the ABSENCE OF ATP and relax a supercoil by either passing the other strand through an enzyme link.

A

Type one

171
Q

topoisomerase family:

enzymes will cleave and relegate both strands in the PRESENCE OF ATP; requires ATP

A

Type two

172
Q

T/F: DNA gyrase belong to the type II

A

T

172
Q

G-rich stand always at

A

3’ end

173
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes end in distinctive sequences called -?- that help preserve the integrity and stability of the chromosomes

A

telemore

173
Q
  1. TTGGGG = ?
  2. TTAGGG = ?
A
  1. protozoans
  2. vertebrates
174
Q

T/F: The telomeres consist of simple sequence repeats

A

T

175
Q

solves the problem by producing an associated RNA that complements the three prime overhang at the end of the chromosome and the rest of the DNA polymerase continues.

A

Telomerase binds to 3’ GC rich tail. Repeated TTGGGG sequences are synthesized

176
Q

T/F: Once DNA is polymerized, it is not static.

A

T

177
Q

T/F: Once DNA is polymerized, it is not static. The information stored in the DNA must be tapped selectively to make RNA and, at the same time, protected from damage.

A

T

178
Q

An endonucleases that recognize specific base sequences and break or restrict the DNA polymer at the sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Restriction Enzymes

179
Q

type of restriction enzyme to take note is -?- because this is the one used most frequently in the laboratory

A

type II

180
Q

type of restriction enzyme that do not have methylation activity.

A

type II

181
Q

they read the same 5 prime to 3 prime (5’ – 3’)
on both strands of the DNA referred to as the bilateral symmetry.

A

palindromic

182
Q

cleave the DNA directly at the binding site, producing fragments of predictable size.

A

Type II restriction enzymes

183
Q

Uses of restriction enzyme

A
  1. Analysis of gene rearrangements
  2. Mutation detection
  3. DNA recombination in vitro
  4. Mapping a DNA fragment
184
Q

catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent 3 ′ -hydroxyl and 5 ′ -phosphoryl nucleotide ends

A

DNA Ligase

185
Q

degrade DNA from free 3 ′ -hydroxyl or 5 ′ - phosphate ends

A

Nucleases (Exonuclease)

186
Q

use of Nucleases (Exonuclease)

A

DNA manipulation in vitro

187
Q
  1. unwinds dsDNA (breaks hydrogen bonds = ?
  2. relieves the tension created by helicase
    ( breaks the phosphodiester linkages in DNA Backbone= ?
A
  1. Helicase
  2. Topoisomerase
188
Q

are the targets for several anticancer drugs

A

topoisomerase

189
Q

catalyze the addition of methyl groups to nitrogen bases, usually adenineand cytosine in DNA strands

A

Methyltransferase

190
Q

Most prokaryotic DNA is -?-, or -?-, as a means to differentiate host DNA from non-host and to provide resistance enzymes

A
  1. methylated
  2. hemimethylated
191
Q

T/F: eukaryotic DNA is methylated in specific regions

A

T

192
Q

A process of separating dsDNA into single strands

A

DNA denaturation

193
Q

opposite of DNA denaturation

A

renaturation

194
Q

T/F: DNA denaturation is by breakind hydrogen bonds

A

T

195
Q

Factors of DNA denaturation

  1. Temperature :
  2. salt concentration :
  3. pH :
A
  1. Temperature : High
  2. salt concentration : Low
  3. pH : High
196
Q

T/F: DNA denaturation is also termed as DNA melting

A

T

197
Q

T/F: but when you lower the temperature, the hydrogen bond would form and the hydrogen bonds are restored called DNA renaturation

A

T

198
Q

MELTING TEMPERATURE is the middle point of a temperature range where (?)% of your DNA strands are denatured and the amount of denatured DNA is measured at an absorbance of (?)nanometer.

A
  1. 50%
  2. 260 nm
199
Q

Unusual secondary structures of DNA that are SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC

A
  1. slipped structures
  2. cruciform,
  3. triple-helix DNA
200
Q

T/F: The secondary structure have something to do with super coiling.

A

F; Tertiary structure

201
Q

tertiary winding of DNA helix axis that occurs when the double helix is under or over wound.

A

DNA supercoiling

202
Q

defines the DNA super helical structure or we call these DNA tertiary structure

A

rethink/twist

Mol Bio (1 decks)

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