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PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

is a procedures are used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses.

A

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

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2
Q

NUCLEAR MEDICINE is a procedures are used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses. These procedures use radioactive material called __________________.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

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3
Q

NUCLEAR MEDICINE is a procedures are used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses. These procedures use radioactive material called radiopharmaceuticals. Examples of disease treated with nuclear medicine procedures are

A

hyperthyroidism
• thyroid cancer
• lymphoma,
• and bone pain from some types of cancer.

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4
Q

Currently how many physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines.

A

95 physicians

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5
Q

currently, there are now 95 physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines. An even greater number of approximately HOW MANY Nuclear Medicine Technologist, medical physicists, radiochemist & radiopharmacists comprise the Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine Technologists Section?

A

250

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6
Q

Currently, there are now 95 physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines. An even greater number of approximately of 250 whose comprise the Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine Technologists Section

A

Nuclear medicine technologist
Medical physicists
Radiochemist
Radiopharmacists

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7
Q

Currently, there are now 95 physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines. An even greater number of approximately 250 Nuclear Medicine Technologist, medical physicists, radiochemist & radiopharmacists comprise in what section?

A

Philippine Society of Nuclear Medicine Technologists Section

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8
Q

Who is the father of nuclear medicine in the philippines?

A

Paulo C. Campos

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9
Q

A nuclear medicine scan consists of 3 phases:

A

• tracer (radionuclide) administration
• taking images,
• and image interpretation.

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10
Q

The amount of time between administration of the tracer and the taking of the images may range from what??

A

a few moments to a few days.

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11
Q

True or False. Doctors use nuclear medicine to diagnose, evaluate, and treat various diseases.

A

True

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12
Q

Doctors use nuclear medicine to diagnose, evaluate, and treat various diseases. These include

A

• cancer
• heart disease
• gastrointestinal
• endocrine,
• or neurological disorders, and other conditions.

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13
Q

Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint the? And this gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

A

molecular activity

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14
Q

True or False. Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint magnetic momentum. This gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

A

False, its molecular activity.

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15
Q

True or false. Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint molecular activity. This gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

A

True

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16
Q

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958).

A

Cyclotron

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17
Q

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by

A

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958).

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18
Q

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958). Ernest Lawrence began working in what university?

A

University of California in Berkeley

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19
Q

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958). Ernest Lawrence began working at University of California in Berkeley in what year?

A

1928

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20
Q

The origin of nuclear medicine started with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958). Ernest Lawrence began working at University of California in Berkeley in 1928 as a what?

A

nuclear physicist.

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21
Q

True or false. Ernest Lawrence research centered on the bombarding atoms at a very low speed in order to produce new particles.

A

False, high speed.

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22
Q

True or false. Ernest Lawrence research centered on the bombarding atoms at high speed in order to produce new particles.

A

True

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23
Q

Overall usage of nuclear medicine procedures is expanding rapidly, especially as new imaging technologies, such as

A

• positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT)
• single photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT)

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24
Q

are found in the nucleus at the centre of the atom.

A

protons and neutrons

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25
Q

is very much smaller than the atom as a whole.

A

nucleus

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26
Q

: it is a positively charged particle that resides within the atomic nucleus.

A

PROTONS

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27
Q

The proton has how many charges

A

+1 (or, alternately, 1.602 ×10-¹⁹Coulombos).

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28
Q

it is a subatomic particle with a mass comparable to a proton and neutral electrical charge.

A

Neutrons

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29
Q

A neutron is a subatomic particle with how many mass/es and charge?

A

mass of 1 and charge of 0.

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30
Q

are agents used to diagnose certain medical problems or treat certain disease.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

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31
Q

it is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera, but is able to provide true 3D information.

A

SPECT

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32
Q

it is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays.

A

SPECT

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33
Q

it is the radiation emitted from a radiophramaceuticals injected intravenously into a patient is registered by external detectors positioned at different orientations.

A

PET

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34
Q

it is a scan can find abnormal activity and it can be more sensitive than ither imaging tests.

A

PET

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35
Q

it is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.

A

PET

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36
Q

it is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs.

A

PET

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37
Q

these are radioactive chemical sor pharmaceutics preparations, labeled with a radionuclide in tracer or therapeutic concentration.

A

Radioactive materials

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38
Q

these are radioisotopes bound to biological molecules able to target specific organs, tissues or cells within the human body.

A

Radiophramaceuticals Drugs

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39
Q

a drug that contains a radioactive substance and is used to diagnose or treat disease, including cancer.

A

Radiotracer

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40
Q

it is more flexible tool, because innovative tracers are more easily synthesized.

A

PET

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41
Q

Must have a short half-life that is compatible with the duration and objectives of the NM study.

A

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

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42
Q

in radiopharmaceuticals, Must produce monochromatic gamma rays with energies between

A

100-300 keV

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43
Q

True or false. Does radiopharmaceuticals minimize production of particulate radiation?

A

True

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44
Q

what are the DETECTORS IN NM?

A
  1. GAS-FILLED DETECTORS
  2. SCINTILLATION DETECTOR
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45
Q

Typically used in non-imaging instruments.

A

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS

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46
Q

Commonly used in NM as dose calibrators and survey meters.

A

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS

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47
Q

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS belongs to a class of detectors called

A

ionization detectors.

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48
Q

GAS-FILLED DETECTORS are commonly used gases are

A
  • helium
  • neon
  • argon
  • hydrogen and air.
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49
Q

There are 3 main types of gas-filled detector;

A
  • ionization chambers
  • proportional counters
  • Geiger-Mueller detectors
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50
Q

Used to determine the radioactivity of a test tube, vial or syringe.

A

DOSE CALIBRATORS

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51
Q

Used to locate a source of radioactivity and to assess the amount of radioactivity present or the exposure rate from the source.

A

SURVEY METER

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52
Q

Are used in portable survey meters and can accurately indicate exposure rates from less than 1 mR/hr to hundreds of R/hr

A

IONIZATION CHAMBERS

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53
Q

Detectors used in most x-ray machine photo timers

A

IONIZATION CHAMBERS

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54
Q

In IONIZATION CHAMBERS, are used in portable survey meters and can accurately indicate exposure rates from less than

A

1 mR/hr to hundreds of R/hr

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55
Q

Also used for performing quality assurance testing of diagnostic and therapeutic x-ray machines.

A

IONIZATION CHAMBERS

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56
Q

Commonly used in standard laboratories, health physics laboratories and for physics research.

A

PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS

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57
Q

Not commonly used in NM because of its low efficiency in detecting x and gamma rays.

A

PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS

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58
Q

Suitable for detecting alpha particles

A

PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS

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59
Q

Mostly used for inexpensive survey meter for radiation protection purposes.

A

GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS

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60
Q

Widely used in monitoring because it is very rugged.

A

GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS

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61
Q

The most commonly used detector in NM.

A

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

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62
Q

Generally used only for detection of x and gamma ray only.

A

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

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63
Q

Sensitive element that is used to detect ionizing radiation by observing the emission of light photons induced in a material.

A

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

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64
Q

were used in the development of the 1st generation nuclear medicine scanner (rectilinear scanner).

A

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

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65
Q

Thalitum activated sodium iodide is the most commonly used crystals used.

A

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

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66
Q

What is the most commonly used crystals used in the SCINTILLATION DETECTOR?

A

Thalitum activated sodium iodide

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67
Q

In scintillation detectors, Thalitum activated sodium iodide is the most commonly used _____________

A

crystals used

68
Q

Scintillation detectors were used in the development of the 1st generation nuclear medicine scanner or also known as

A

rectilinear scanner

69
Q

Used to detect and convert light photons emitted from the crystal into an electronic signal that amplifies the original photon.

A

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

70
Q

A typical gamma camera detector head contains 80-100 PMTs.
As crystal thickness increases, sensitivity improves but resolution decreases

A

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

71
Q

In PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE, A typical gamma camera detector head contains what??

A

80-100 PMTs

72
Q

In photomultiplier tube, As crystal thickness increases, sensitivity improves but resolution increases or decreases?

73
Q

The photosensitive surface of the PMT.

A

PHOTOCATHODE

74
Q

Thin layer of an alloy such as cesium and antimony, cesium, antimony, sodium and potassium

A

PHOTOCATHODE

75
Q

Helps reduce scattered lower energy, unwanted phatons that would degrade the resolution of the image

A

PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER

76
Q

Also known as pulse height analysis.

A

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

77
Q

Refers to the use of a scintillation counting system to obtain an energy spectrum from a radioactive source.

A

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

78
Q

Determines which radionuclide are present in a sample.

A

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

79
Q

Determines the activity of a radionuclide in a sample

A

SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY

80
Q

Commonly used to assay the amount of radioactivity in a test tube.

A

WELL COUNTER

81
Q

Instrument designed to produce a two dimensional image of distribution of radioactivity by scanning the region of interest in successive rectilinear passes made with a shielded and collimated thallium activated sodium iodine (NaI(Tl).

A

RECTILINEAR SCANNER

82
Q

Well type gas ion chamber which a radioactive material is introduced for measurement.

A

DOSE CALIBRATOR

83
Q

Was invented by Hal Anger in the late 1950s.
The most commonly used imaging instrument in NM.

A

ANGER GAMMA CAMERA

84
Q

Typically ½-2 inch thick slab of lead.

A

COLLIMATORS

85
Q

in collimators, The lead in each hole is called a what that, collectively the lead represents the septa.

85
Q

COLLIMATORS how many inch thick slab of lead.

A

Typically ½-2 inch

86
Q

Provides an interface between the patient and scintillation crystals by only allowing those photons travelling in an appropriate direction.

A

COLLIMATORS

87
Q

The most commonly used collimator which consist of an array of parallel holes perpendicular to the crystal face.

A

PARALLEL-HOLE COLLIMATOR

88
Q

The workhorse collimator in most imaging laboratory.

A

PARALLEL-HOLE COLLIMATOR

89
Q

Presents a real image to the crystal face.

A

PARALLEL-HOLE COLLIMATOR

90
Q

Array of tapered holes that aim at a point at some distance in front of the collimator (focal point).

A

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

91
Q

Has holes that converge 40-50 cm in front of the collimator.

A

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

92
Q

For imaging of small organs.

A

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

92
Q

Presents a magnified version of the real object.

A

COVERGING COLLIMATORS

93
Q

in COVERGING COLLIMATORS, Has holes that convergehow many cm in front of the collimator.

93
Q

The image presented to the crystal face is a minified image of the real object.

A

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

94
Q

Essentially upside-down collimators

A

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

94
Q

For large organs.

A

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

94
Q

i n DIVERGING COLLIMATORS, Has holes that diverge how many cm beyond the collimator.

95
Q

Has holes that diverge 40-50 cm beyond the collimator.

A

DIVERGING COLLIMATORS

96
Q

Thick conical collimators with a single 2.5 mm hole in the bottom center.

A

PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS

97
Q

As the source is moved away from the surface the camera gets smaller.

A

PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS

98
Q

For magnification study of small organs (thyroid and heart).

A

PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS

99
Q

in PIN-HOLE COLLIMATORS, Thick conical collimators with a single how many mm hole in the bottom center.

100
Q

what spot A radionuclide imaging finding which shows significantly less uptake by an organ.

101
Q

what spot Uptakes with very light accumulation of radionuclide

102
Q

Was discovered in 1937 by Perrier and Segre
Most commonly used in NM because of the ideal half-life of 6 hours, optimum energy of 140 keV and ready availability from a generator.

A

Technetium 99m

102
Q

what spot Uptakes with very high accumulation of radionuclide.

102
Q

in Technetium 99m, Was discovered in 1937 by

A

Perrier and Segre

103
Q

Sulfur colloid is injected how many percent to localizes in the liver within 10- 20 minutes, the remainder is distributed to spleen and bone marrow

103
Q

Sulfur colloid is injected 70% localizes in the liver within how many minutes, the remainder is distributed to spleen and bone marrow

A

within 10- 20 minutes

103
Q

is injected 70% localizes in the liver within 10- 20 minutes, the remainder is distributed to spleen and bone marrow

A

Sulfur colloid

104
Q

is used for kidney function studies.

A

Iodine-131 labeled Hippuran

104
Q

is used for thyroid imaging and to evaluate thyroid function (Iodine 123).

A

Radioiodine

104
Q

is replacing hippuran for kidney function studies.

A

Tc-99m MAG3

105
Q

radiopharmaceuticals for to detect tumor and infection

A

Gallium 67 citrate

105
Q

radiopharmaceuticals for used for lung ventilation studies.

106
Q

radiopharmaceuticals for cardiac imaging

A

Thallium 201

107
Q

radiopharmaceuticals for acute infections.

A

Indium-111

108
Q

Tc-99m labeled that are used.

A

diphosphonates

109
Q

in bone scan what is Adult dose is

A

20 mCi (740 MBq) Tc-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HDP) or methylene diphosphonates (MDP).

109
Q

in MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY, radiopharmaeuticals for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

A

Thallium-201

110
Q

in bone scan, Routine survey begins how many hours after injection.

A

Routine survey begins 2-3 hours after injection.

111
Q

Useful for assessing myocardial viability in patients with known coronary artery disease and after revascularization.

A

Thallium-201

112
Q

in MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY Adult dose for stress study is

A

3 mCi (111 MBq) of Thallium-201 thallous chloride.

113
Q

in MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY Adult dose for rest study is

A

4 mCi (148 MBq).

113
Q

Tc-99m Sestamibi is used in place of Thallium-201 fow what type of patients

A

for obese patients.

113
Q

It is used to assess myocardial salvage resulting from therapeutic intervention in acute infarction, to determine the myocardial blood flow during periods of spontaneous chest pain

A

99MTC SESTAMIBI MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY

114
Q

to diagnose coronary artery disease in obese patients.

A

99MTC SESTAMIBI MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDY

115
Q

The adult do e for the stress study is 10 to 30 mCi (370 to 1100 MBq) of 99mTc sestamibi administered what

A

intravenously at peak stress.

116
Q

The adult dose for rest study is 10 to 30 mCi (370 to 1100 M Bq) of 99mTc sestamibi administered The adult dose for rest study is 10 to 30 mCi (370 to 1100 M Bq) of 99mTc sestamibi administered

A

intravenousl y before the rest study

117
Q

in brain, 20 mCi with imaging 10-15 minutes after injection of Tc- 99m ECD and how many hours after of what

A

1 hour after Tc-99m HMPAO

117
Q

in brain, 20 mCi with imaging 10-how any after injection of what and 1 hour after Tc-99m HMPAO

A

10-15 minutes after injection of Tc- 99m ECD

118
Q

radiopharmaceuticals for thyroid scan

A

Tc-99m pertechnetate
Iodine-131 sodium iodide

118
Q

in thyroid scan, teh Adult dose is

118
Q

in brain, radiopharmaceuticals for determination of brain death.

A

Tc-99m (Hexamethylpropyleneamine-oxime) HMPAO

119
Q

true or false. All doses of iodine 131 sodium iodide are administered orally.

119
Q

true or false. Not all doses of iodine 131 sodium iodide are administered orally.

A

false, all doses

119
Q

in thyroid scan, The adult dose for a standard uptake test is

A

3 to microcurieC (148 to 222 kBq) of iodine 131.

120
Q

is used to evaluate the liver for functional disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis, metastatic disease)

A

Liver and/or spleen scanning

120
Q

in LIVER/SPLEEN, Adult receive

A

6 mCi ( 222 M Bq ) of 99mTc sulfur colloid or 99mTc albumin colloid injected intravenousIy.

120
Q

The gas used for a ventilation study must be absorbed

A

Lung ventilation

121
Q

are used in combination with lung perfusion scans.

A

Lung ventilation

122
Q

significantly by the lungs and diffuse easily.

A

Lung ventilation

123
Q

in LUNG PERFUSION STUDY, The adult dose is

A

4 mCi ( 148 MBq ) of 99m Tc macroaggregated albumin (MAA).

123
Q

in Lung ventilation, The adult dose is

A

1 5 to 30 mCi (555 to 1110 MBq ) of l33 Xe gas administered by inhalation.

124
Q

in LUNG PERFUSION STUDY, Imaging starts when after the injection.

A

Imaging starts 5 minutes after the injection.

125
Q

in LUNG PERFUSION STUDY, All patients should have a chest radiograph within how many hours of the lung scan.

A

All patients should have a chest radiograph within 24 hours of the lung scan.

126
Q

is required for accurate interpretation of the lung scans, to determine the probability for pulmonary embolism.

A

The chest radiograph

127
Q

in THERAPEUTIC STUDIES, radiopharmaceuticals for hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer.

A

Iodine 131 in

127
Q

in THERAPEUTIC STUDIES, radiopharmaceuticals for bone.

A

Strontium 89

128
Q

half- life of technetium-99m

129
Q

half- life of gallium-67

129
Q

half- life of indium-111

130
Q

half- life of iodine-125

131
Q

half- life of iodine-131

131
Q

half- life of iodine-123

132
Q

half- life of xenon-133

133
Q

half- life of thallium-201

134
Q

Half life of technetium-99m

135
Q

Half life of gallium-67

136
Q

Half life of iodine-125

137
Q

Half life of indium-111

138
Q

Half life of iodine 123

139
Q

Half life of iodine 131

140
Q

Half life of xenon 133

141
Q

Half life of thallium 201

NUCLEAR MEDICINE (1 decks)

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