PRELIM Flashcards
plays an important role in cultivating one’s culture and enabling different
norms and ideas to exist and be passed down from one generation to another.
Literature
only a component of a bigger umbrella
Literature
the English
subject. Under it, there are two major sub-divisions, namely.
Linguistic and Literature
“Language is the foundation of human civilization. It is the glue that keeps people
together and the
first weapon drawn in a conflict.
2016 movie Arrival starring Amy Adams and Jeremy
Renner which was inspired by the work
“Story of Your Life” by Ted Chiang:
has allowed Literature to propagate and spread throughout the world
and across different timeframes because of Language, because of our ancestor’s
will to pursue spreading their knowledge across time and people
Language
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING LITERATURE?
“It helps us grow both Personally and Intellectually.”
“It links us with the world of which we are a part.”
“It sharpens our sense of Moral Judgement.It stimulates our imagination and creativity.
“It shows the significance of different Literary Devices.”
“It reminds us that we are human beings.”
When studying the different genres of literature, there are 2 key words:
Literature
Genre
The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or
distinction, forming part of the so-called Belles-lettres (‘fine writing’) tradition
Literature
This sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh
Edition (1910–11) where it classifies literature as:
“the best expression of the
best thought reduced to writing.”
Problematic in this view is that there is no objective definition of what constitutes
Literature
Anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value
judgments can changeover time
Literature
- is any category of literature, music, or other forms of art or entertainment,
whether written or spoken, audio or visual, based on some set of stylistic criteria.
Genre
Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is
discontinued.
Genre
Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these
conventions.
Genre
Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and
calculated style that related to the theme of the story
Genre
There are 3 Genres of Literature:
Prose
Poetry
Drama
-written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical
structure.
Prose
2 kinds of Prose
Fiction
Non-Fiction
Literature in the form of prose, especially short stories,
and novels, that describes imaginary events and people.
Fiction
2 kinds of Fiction
Realistic
Fantastic
is a genre consisting of stories that could
have occurred to people or animals in a believable setting
Realistic
a type of fiction that ideologically and
aesthetically subordinates reality to imagination by
depicting a world of marvels that is contrasted to everyday
reality and to accepted views of what is credible
Fantastic
Prose writing that is based on facts, real events, and
real people, such as biography or history
Non-fiction
5 kinds of non-fiction
Biographies
Autobiographies
Essays
Articles
Humour
a detailed description of a person’s life. It
involves more than just the basic facts like education,
work, relationships, and death, but also portrays a subject’s experience
of these life events.
Biographies
a written account of the life of a person
written by that person
Autobiographies
generally, a piece of writing that gives the
author’s own argument — but the definition is vague,
overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a
short story.
Essays
piece of writing included with others in a
newspaper, magazine, or other publication.
Articles
situations, speech, or writings that are thought to
be humorous
Humorous
form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of
language.
Poetry
3 kinds of poetry
Lyric
Narrative
Descriptive and Didactic
- Is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a
single speaker presents a state of mind or an emotional state.
Lyric
a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.
Elegy
a poem in which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for someone or something.
Ode
- a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, which employ one of several rhyme schemes and adhere to a tightly structured thematic organization.
Sonnet
- a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a situation or series of events
Dramatic Monologue
a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well;
the entire story is usually written in metered verse.
Narrative
A long narrative poem written in elevated style, in
which heroes of great historical or legendary importance
perform valorous deeds. (e.g. Beowulf)
Epics
are typically satires or parodies that mock common Classical stereotypes of heroes and heroic literature. (e.g. Alexander Pope’s the Rape of the Lock)
Mock Epic
a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture. (The Second Coming,
William Butler Yeats [1865-1939])
Ballad
Both lyric and narrative poetry can contain lengthy and detailed descriptions (descriptive poetry) or scenes in direct speech (dramatic poetry).
Descriptive and Didactic
a piece of writing that tells a story and is performed on a stage.
Drama
5 kinds of drama
Comedy
Tragedy
Farce
Melodrama
Fantasy
Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary writers and provide a happy conclusion. The intention of dramatists in comedies is to make their audience laugh. Hence, they use quaint circumstances, unusual characters, and witty remarks.
Comedy
Tragic dramas use darker themes such as disaster,
pain, and death. Protagonists often have a tragic flaw—a characteristic that leads them to their downfall.
Tragedy
Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or engages slapstick humor. It is basically, what you call a “Parody”
Farce
Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals directly to the senses of audience. Just like the farce, the characters are of single dimension and simple, or may be stereotyped.
Melodrama
It is a complete fictional work where characters virtually
display supernatural skills.
Fantasy
7 Literary Standards
Artistry
Intellectual Value
Suggestiveness
Spiritual Value
Permanence
Universality
Style
It appeals to the readers’ standard of beauty. Its elements working together to express its
intended meaning.
Artistry
It appeals to the intellect. It inflames critical thinking and allows you to
uncover indispensable truths about life and human nature.
Intellectual Value
It appeals to the emotion. It makes us empathize and sympathize with the
people involved in an artwork
Suggestiveness
It appeals to our sense of morality. It subsumes the capacity to inspire ordinary people to do extraordinary things.
Spiritual Value
An excellent artwork lasts. It can be read on several occasions where every time you read provides new
insight about the world, we live in.
Permanence
A superb artwork is not only timeless but timely as well. It appeals to all regardless of gender,
race, or educational attainment.
Universality
It manifests the author’s ingenuity and originality. He deviates from social
conventions but can showcase his talent beyond mediocrity.
Style
Different Elements of Short Story
Plot
Character
Setting
Point of View
Theme
series of events and character actions that relate to the central
conflict.
Plot
The opening section is the Exposition followed by the complications which leads to a
conflict until it reaches climax. After the climax comes the falling action and it ends with the
resolution or denouement.
Plot
person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the action of a story or a literary work.
Character
Character Classified in Different Ways
Role and Importance
Complexity of Characterization
Role in Advancing the Plot
Role and Importance 2 types
Antagonist
Protagonist
Antagonist
person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something
Protagonist
the main figure or one of the most prominent figures in a real situation.
Complexity of Characterization 2 types
Flat
Round
type of character in fiction that are mostly one?dimensional and is not layered or deep.
They just usually have 1 or 2 traits to make up their whole personality.
Flat
This type of character that are layered and interesting.
Round
Role and Advancing the Plot 2 types
Dynamic
Static
are characters that changes as the story progresses
Dynamic
characters that stay the same from the start to the end of the story
Static
not only refers to the place of the story but also to the specific time,
the climactic actions and even the historical period during which the story took
place.
Setting
is also an aspect of a short story in which it describes the
mood or feeling that prevails a literary work.
Atmosphere
There is a significant difference between a Narrator and an Author. When we
speak of a Narrator,
Point of View
5 kinds of POV
First Person
Second Person
Third Person Objective
Third Person Limited
Omniscient
The rarest form of POV
Second Person
Describes the exterior scene without the internal thoughts and feelings of the characters
Third Person Objective
focuses more on the internal struggles of the characters while disregarding their surroundings
Third Person Limited
a combination of both limited and objective
Omniscient
is the central idea or belief in a short story.
The plot is considered as the body of the story and the theme as its soul.
Theme
