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QAQC > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

Means any facility in which an x-ray system(s) is used in any procedure that involves irradiation of any part of the human or animal body for the purpose of diagnosis or visualization.

A

Diagnostic Radiology Facility

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2
Q

Diagnostic Radiology Facility EXAMPLES:

A

▪Offices of individual physicians
▪Dentist
▪Podiatrists
▪Chiropractors
▪Veterinarians
▪Mobile laboratories
▪Clinics
▪Hospitals

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3
Q

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
General Notes

A

1.History
2.Any admission
3.Child bearing age/pregnant
4.Consent
5.Privacy
6.Previous film and note review
7.Intervention, risk of bleeding
8.Bowel cleansing
9.Premedication

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4
Q

CONSULTATION BEFORE THE PROCEDURE

A

*It is essential before getting an x-ray, especially if they are breastfeeding or might be pregnant

*Small amounts of radiation will be exposed that can be dangerous for the developing fetus

*Depending on the circumstance, another imaging test might be used to avoid radiation

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5
Q

NEED FOR FASTING

A

*Depending on the type of x-ray test
*Usually only for certain x-rays of digestive tract
*Fasting normally requires to not eat or drink for 8-12 hours before test
*If regularly take medication and are required to fast before an x-ray, take the medicine only with small sip of water

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6
Q

ATTIRE

A

*Dress comfortably for an x-ray
*Loose clothing that can easily remove
*If receiving chest x-ray, will normally undress from the waist up
*In this case, a hospital gown is to be wear during the exam

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7
Q

REMOVE ALL JEWELRY, GLASSES, AND METAL OBJECTS

A

*It is best to leave jewelry at home
*Glasses need to remove these as well

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8
Q

EMPTY BLADDER PRIOR

A

*Procedure for an abdominal x-ray
*Do not drink excessively on the morning of the procedure

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9
Q

DRINK A CONTRAST MEDIUM

A

o Drink a solution of barium or iodine
o Swallow a pill
o Receive an injection

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10
Q

SOME MANEUVER

A

*Holding a breath to show up more clearly chest and lung on the x-ray image
*To hold still and/or move to different positions
*Body position between the machine and a plate that creates the digital image
*May be asked to move in different positions so front and side views can be captured

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11
Q

PAIN

A

*An x-ray is painless procedure during which x-ray beams pass through body and record an image
*This procedure usually takes minutes for bone x-rays but can go longer if a contrast medium is used

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12
Q

Means the planned and systematic actions that provide adequate confidence that a diagnostic x-ray facility will produce consistently high quality imageswith minimum exposure of the patients and personnel

▪A system which attempts to maintain a high quality of work all round

A

QUALITY ASSURANCE

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13
Q

OBJECTIVES OF QA PROGRAM

A

✓ To maintain optimal quality of diagnostic images
✓ To reduce unnecessary radiation exposure to patient and staff
✓ To be cost effective

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14
Q

▪An organizedeffort by the staff operating a facility to ensure that the diagnostic images produced are of a sufficiently high quality so that they consistently provide adequate diagnostic information at the lowest possible cost and with the least possible exposure ofthe patient to radiation (World Health Organization)

A

QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM

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15
Q
  • These procedures are design to verify that QC testing is effective, i.e., the tests are performed regularly and correctly, the results evaluated promptly and accurately, and the necessary action taken
  • They include recommendations regarding the responsibility for quality assurance action, staff training, equipments standards, and the selection of the appropriate equipment for each examination
A

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE

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16
Q

These are performed on a regularly scheduled basis with the goal of preventing breakdowns due to equipment failing without warning signs detectable by monitoring. These includes:

A

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE

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17
Q

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE

A

✓Visual inspection of the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the x-ray system. Assuring cleanliness with respect to spilling of contaminants in the examination room
✓Following the manufacturer’s recommendatedprocedures for cleaning and maintenance of the equipment
✓Regular inspection and replacement of switches and parts that routinely wear out or fail

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18
Q

include the means to provide appropriate training for all personnel with QA responsibilities (especially those directly involved with QC testing) to ensure each meet a minimum level of competency to perform QC test correctly and consistently

A

QA Program

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19
Q

▪Personnel in the QA Program who are responsibility for oversight of the QA Program, setting the goals and direction, determining policies, and assessing the effectiveness of QA activities
▪They have an overall documented strategy with clearly defined work plans to achieve the goals and objectives of the radiology department

A

QUALITY ASSURANCE COMMITTEE

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20
Q

*An individual who is competent to independently practice in one or more of the subfields in medical physics
*Advising the facility on radiation protection of the patient, staff and members of the public *Conducting teststo ensure the safety and proper performance of imaging equipment used
*Assignment of bio-medical engineering service staff for corrective maintenance or preventive actions
*Training of personnel utilized for quality control
*Develop and implement a radiation protection program

A

MEDICAL PHYSICIST

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21
Q

*A medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury by using medical imaging technologies *Determine the overall quality of the output image
*Select the technologist to be the primary QC technologist, performingthe prescribed QC tests
*Ensure that appropriate test equipment and materials are available to perform the QC tests
*Ensuring that medical physicist and radiographers have adequate training and continuous education 3.

A

RADIOLOGIST

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22
Q

*use their knowledge of modern biological principles in their engineering principle to design and develop devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems *Corrective and preventive maintenance
*Fault reporting

A

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER

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23
Q

*Ensuring that the appropriate protocol and technique factors are used for the requested examination
*Ensuring that the QC test are performed, interpreted and recorded appropriately *Perform all the checks for the daily, monthly and quarterly QC testing of equipment
*Report faults immediately any deviation in trend of equipment performance to QA manager
*Undertaking additional continuous education courses

A

MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIST OR RADIOGRAPHER

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24
Q

*Information technology is a key element of any digital radiology facility that intends to store, review and distribute images electronically or using hard copy.
*Maintenance of the integrity of system databases to ensure continuous and accurate operation of the information systems

A

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TECHNICIAN

25
Q

Three Responsibility includes:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TECHNICIAN

A

Three Responsibility includes:
✓Planning
✓Deployment
✓Testing

26
Q

▪A practical exercise which carries out quality checks
▪The means by which, each area of interest is monitoredand evaluated
▪The quality control measures used to evaluate performance and outcome

A

QUALITY CONTROL

27
Q

*These are test conducted on every new x-ray facilities e.g. thex-ray machine, cassettes, intensifying screen, grids, to name but a few. *This test is carried out prior to its clinical usage to show if the equipment is performing within the manufacturer’s specification.
*This test must be done by someone other than the manufacturer or his representative

A

ACCEPTANCE TESTING

28
Q

*With use, these x-ray equipments deteriorate *This necessitates the periodic quality control evaluation of these equipments. That is, these are the quality control tests conducted on these equipments to see if the equipment will meets predestined requirements

A

ROUTINE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

29
Q

*When these equipment performancesare not optimal or do not meet predetermined requirements, or errors found after the quality control test has been conducted, actions are taken to effect corrections on them

A

ERROR CORRECTIONS

30
Q

BENEFITS OF QUALITY CONTROL

A

✓Customer Satisfaction
✓Leading to Customer/Client Loyalty
✓Profit will Increase

31
Q

▪Means an assemblage of components for the controlled production of diagnostic images with x-rays.
▪It includes minimally an x-ray high voltage generator, an x-ray control, a tube-housing assembly, a beam-limiting device, and the necessary supporting structures
▪Other components that function with the system, such as image receptors, image processors, view boxes, and darkrooms, are also parts of the system

A

X-RAY SYSTEM

32
Q

Was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations. WHO has 4 main functions:
✓To give worldwide guidance in the field of health
✓To set global standards of health
✓To cooperate with governments in strengthening national health programs
✓To develop and transfer appropriate health technology information and standards

A

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)

33
Q

*Is an independent, international, non-governmental organization, with the mission to provide recommendations and guidance on radiation protection.

*More than 200 volunteer membersfrom approximately 30 countries and 6 continents, who represent the world’s leading scientists and policy makers in the field of radiological protection

A

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION (ICRP)

34
Q

*Is the government agency responsible in the regulation of the use, transport and storage of radioactive materials.
*It is the local counterpart of the IAEA

A

PHILIPPINE NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PNRI)

35
Q
  • In general terms ICRUdefines the units, and ICRPrecommends, develops and maintains the internal system of radiological protectionwhich uses these units.
    *Its objectives is to develop concepts, definitions and recommendationsfor the use of quantitiesand their unitsfor ionizing radiation and its interaction with matter.
A

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIATION UNITS ANDMEASUREMENTS (ICRU)

36
Q

*Is a specialized agency of the United Nations which was organized in 1957in order to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Its main concern is the practical application of ICRP recommendations
*Provide international safeguardsagainst misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materialsand promote nuclear safety(including radiation protection)

A

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)

37
Q

*Is an agency in the department of health which is responsible for the regulation of the use and importation of all radiation-emitting equipmentsuch as x-raymachines, microwave ovens, etc. Its main concern is to ensure the safe use of this equipment which could pose harmful effects on the population
*Also regulates the users by conducting an annual licensure examination for x-ray techniciansparticularly those who are operating medical radiation equipment

A

RADIATION HEALTH SERVICE (RHS)

38
Q

▪Health and safety in any work environment are very important. It is the responsibility of all heads of department to ensure that injury or sickness, due to working conditions, is kept to a minimum. Injury or sickness may increase absenteeism of staff members and reduce efficiency, staff must not put patients, colleagues or self at risk.
▪X-ray departments should be prepared for emergencies such as fire, major disasters or any life threatening situation

A

HEALTH AND SAFETY

39
Q

10 BASIC RADIATION-CONTROL PRINCIPLES IN RADIOGRAPHY

A

1.Understand and apply the cardinal principles of radiation control
2.Do not allow familiarity to result in false security
3.Never stand in the primary beam
4.Always wear protective apparel when not behind a protective barrier
5.Always wear personnel monitoring devices 6.Never hold a patient during radiographic examination. Use mechanical restraining devices when possible
7.The person holding the patient must always wear a lead apron
8.Use gonadal shields on all persons within child-bearing age
9.Examination of the pelvis and lower abdomen of reproductive capacity should limited to the 10-day interval following the onsetofmenstruation

40
Q

RADIOGRAPHY INVOLVES WORKING WITH:

A

✓MACHINERY
✓ELECTRICITY
✓HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
✓RADIATION
✓PATIENTS

41
Q

*Regularly inspect all machinery. Do nit attempt to repair anything you do nit understand. Call an x-ray engineer if you are unable to fix the problem.
*Take care with all moving parts, to minimize the risk of:
✓Trapping fingers
✓Loose parts falling off onto staff or patient ✓Equipment moving unexpectedly and striking staff or patient
✓Staff or patient striking head on overhead equipment

A

MACHINERY

42
Q

Consult a qualified electrician or x-ray engineer. Regularly inspect all electrical equipment, cables and connections. Do not attempt to repair anything you do not understand

A

ELECTRICITY

43
Q

Adequate fire fighting equipment, instructions, and evacuation procedures must be in place at all times.

A

FIRE

44
Q

▪Suitable for electrical fires, near electrical equipment and switchboards
▪Generally purpose in all other areas

A

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

45
Q

▪Readily available
▪Staff training
▪Annual refresher courses

A

FIRE FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS

46
Q

▪Instructions readily available
▪Clearly defined evacuation routes
▪Recognized assembly points
▪Responsibilities clearly defined
▪Staff training
▪Smoke detectors in all rooms
▪Hoses in central areas
▪Fire alarms easily accessible
▪Regular maintenance of alarms and equipment
▪Illuminated exit signs in all public area
▪Emergency exit doors notlocked or blocked

A

EVACUATION PROCEDURE

47
Q

HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS (LAWS ANDREGULATIONS TO BE FOLLOWED)THE RISKS INVOLVED ARE:

A

▪Inhaling fumes or powders
▪Swallowing
▪Contact with the skin or eyes

48
Q

WHEN MIXING SOLUTIONS:

A

▪Work in a well-ventilated room▪Avoid skin or eye contact with chemicals
▪Wear a mask, goggles, rubber gloves and a plastic apron
▪Avoid splashes
▪Wash all equipment used after mixing

49
Q

WHEN PROCESSING FILMS:

A

▪Avoid skin or eye contact with chemicals ▪Ensure that the darkroom is adequately ventilated
▪Minimize splashes
▪Clean up any splashes as soon as possible ▪Replace any tank lids when finished

50
Q

DISPOSAL OF EMPTY CHEMICALS BOTTLES

A

▪Should not be used as drinking water containers
▪Puncture and place in a sealed plastic bag before disposal

51
Q

DISPOSAL OF EXHAUSTED CHEMISTRY. THINGS NOT TO DO.

A

▪Do not flush into commondrains or simply throw away. The chemicals may get into the local water supply orcontaminate crops
▪Do not flush into a septic tank system. The chemicals will kill the “good” bacteria and stop the breakdown of solid matter.

52
Q

DISPOSAL OF EXHAUSTED CHEMISTRY. HELPFUL SUGGESTIONS.

A

▪Ideally used a silver recovery unit and dispose of the chemistry through a recognised hazardous chemical agency
▪Select a suitable site where the chemicals can be buried and are not likely to get into the local water supply or in anyway affect humans, animals or crops
▪Further refinements of the “bury method” is to use a sand trap first, then burythe residual sand or use an evaporative trench lined with sand and burythe sand when the water has evaporated
▪Local soil, terrain and weather conditions should be considered

53
Q

FIRST AID TREATMENT
-skin contact
-eye contact
-inhaled
-swallowed

A

Follow manufacturer’s recommendations

54
Q

Skin contact

A

Wash thoroughly in water immediately

55
Q

Eye contact

A

-Wash eye thoroughly, immediately
-Darkrooms should be equipped with emergency eye wash kits

56
Q

Inhaled

A

-Move out into fresh air immediately
-Seek medical advice

57
Q

FOLLOW NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS.

A

▪Use an ongoing personal monitoring system ▪Do not produce x-radiation unnecessarily ▪Requests for x-rat examinations should be justified
▪Avoid the use of x-ray examinations on pregnant women wherever possible, especially in the firsttrimester
▪Keep clear of the primary radiation beam
▪Keep clear of any scattered radiation
▪Collimate the beam as much as practicable ▪Minimize repeat films
▪Use lead rubber shielding whenever possible, especially of radiosensitive organs
▪Make sure that all items of lead rubber are in good condition and effective
▪Make sure that shielding to the control panel is effective
▪Close door to x-ray room when exposing ▪Standard radiation warning symbols must be placed on the doors of all x-ray rooms
▪Illuminated signs should be placed at the entrance to all x-ray rooms where prolonged x-ray exposures are made, warning when x-rays are being used
▪Make sure that all unnecessary personnel are clear of the radiation area when exposing▪Make sure that x-day equipment is working properly and is safe, by carrying out regular quality control checks
▪X-ray equipment should be switched off when not in use and any safety lock keys removed ▪Use correct filtration of the x-ray beam
▪Special care must be taken when usingmobile/portable x-ray units, in ward or operating theatre situations
▪Apply ALARA or ALARP principle when exposing anyone to radiation

58
Q

WORKING WITH THE PATIENT

A

*Use recognizedmoving/handling techniques to reduce the risk of back injury
*Use appropriate moving/handling aids when necessary and when available
*Encourage patients to move themselves where possible

QAQC (1 decks)

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