PRELIM Flashcards
- A non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses the interaction between radio frequency pulses, a strong magnetic field and body tissue to obtain images of slices/ planes from inside the body.
Magnetic Resonance
uses magnets
Magnetic Resonance
- No radiation; uses cross-sectional image
- Use specific procedures
MAgnetic Resonance
Higher Tesla= higher _________
magnetic field
magnetic field strength
Bo
cell death
cell aberation
most frequent element in the body
hydrogen
what year was the discovery of the Rotating Magnetic Field in Budapest Hungary
1882
(1856- 7 JAN 1943)
Nikola Tesla
- Was a fundamental discovery in physics
- An Austrian-American inventor and mechanical and electrical engineer
- Best known for many revolutionary contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th & early 20th centuries
Nikola Tesla
1 Tesla= ___________
10,00 Gauss (or 104) Gauss (G)
-For measuring magnetic flux density/ magnetic induction (commonly known as magnetic field B)
SI Unit Tesla (T)
was named in Tesla’s honour at the conference Generale des Poids et Measures, Paris in 1960
SI Unit Tesla (T)
Recommended limit for constant human exposure is
2MG
a German mathematician and scientist
-the CGS unit for magnetic induction was named gauss in his hour
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
CGS
centimeter gram second system of units
French mathematician & physicist
-initiating the investigation of Fourier series & application to problems of heart flow
-Fourier Transform
o Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
algorithm that solves analog data to digital
Fourier Transform
-Irish Physicist & mathematician
-developed the equation that the angular frequency of precession of the nuclear spin being proportional to the strength of the magnetic field
o Sir Joseph Larmor (1857-1942)
natural precession spin
hydrogen atom
Austrian Theoretical physicist; proposed the Pauli Exclusion Principle (to determine the # of electron in k-shell
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli
what year was the Pauli Exclusion Principle (to determine the # of electron in k-shell proposed
1924
He received the Nobel prize for physics in 1945
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli
outermost electron
(1900-1988)
-a Dutch-American theoretical physicist
-1925; introduced the concept of spinning electron
-arising from the spinning electrical charge
-angular momentum, magnetic dipole
George Eugene Uhnlenbeck
What year did Professor Isidor I. Rabbi :
-observed the quantum phenomenon dubbed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
-recognized that the atomic nuclei show their presence by absorbing/emitting radio waves when exposed to a sufficiently strong magnetic field
1937
what year:
-detecting & measuring single states of rotation of atoms & molecules & in determining the mechanical & magnetic moment of the nuclei
-influenced by Cornelius Jacobus Gorter
1930
-Dutch Physicist
-detecting & measuring single states of rotation of atoms & molecules & in determining the mechanical & magnetic moment of the nuclei was influenced by ______
Cornelius Jacobus Gorter
What year:
- he & his co-worker Broer, reported unsuccessful attempts to observe nuclear magnetic resonance in pure crystalline materials
-first to demonstrate the phenomenon of paramagnetic relaxation
Sept 1937
(1907-1976)
-A Soviet Physicist
-discovered electron paramagnetic resonance in 1944
Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky
-discover magnetic resonance phenomenon
-Nobel prize for physics
-measure magnetic resonance in bulk material such as liquids & solids
Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell
(Stanford University)
-Felix B.
(Harvard University)
-Edward P.
-an American Physicist
-Nuclear induction
-together w/ his colleagues, did an experiment measuring an electromotive force resulting from the forced precession of the nuclear magnetization in the applied RF field
Edward Mills Purcell (1912-1997)
what year:
birth of MRI
1952
creates 1 dimensional image
-Herman Carr-
Magnetic Resonance was discovered
1946
-further developed the utilization of gradients in the magnetic field and mathematically analysis of these signals for a more useful imaging technique
-gradient coils
-showed how signals can be mathematically analyzed which later gave way to EPI technique in 1977
Peter Mansfield
the first ultra-high-speed imaging technique; fast high speed imaging technique
-EPI (echo-planar imaging);
were awarded with the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
-Paul C Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield
MRI; receive frequency
*coils
detectors
CT
casette
X-RAY
what year:
-“Tesla Unit” was proclaimed in the Rathaus of Munich, Germany by the International Electro-technical Commission-committee of action.
-all MRI machines are calibrated in “Tesla Units”
- 1956
measures strength of a magnetic field
-the stronger the amount of radio signals which can be elicited from the body’s atoms and therefore the higher the quality of MRI images
-Tesla or Gauss unite;
demonstrated with his NMR device, that there are different T1 relaxation times between normal and abnormal tissues of the same type, as well as between different types of normal tissues
Raymond Vahan Damadian
-a physician and experimenter working at Brooklyn’s Downstate Medicall Center discovered that hydrogen signal in cancerous tissue is different from that of healthy tissue because tumors contain more water
Raymond Vahan Damadian
-hyperintence (light)
*T1
hypointense (dark)
T2
what year:
completed (after 7 years) the first MR scanner (Indomitable)
1977
first MR scanner name
(Indomitable)
what year:
-Raymond Damadian applies for a ptent, which describes the concept of NMR being used for above purpose.
-He illustrates major parts of MRI machine in his patent application
- 1972
in 1973, described a new imaging technique that he termed Zeugmatography
-By utilizing gradients in the magnetic field, this technique was able to produce a 2-dimensional image (back-projection)
Paul Lauterbur
what year:
-Paul Lauterbur, a chemist an an NMR pioneer at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, produced the first NMR image. It was of a test tube
- 1973
