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MRI > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q
  • A non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses the interaction between radio frequency pulses, a strong magnetic field and body tissue to obtain images of slices/ planes from inside the body.
A

Magnetic Resonance

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2
Q

uses magnets

A

Magnetic Resonance

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3
Q
  • No radiation; uses cross-sectional image
  • Use specific procedures
A

MAgnetic Resonance

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4
Q

Higher Tesla= higher _________

A

magnetic field

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5
Q

magnetic field strength

A

Bo

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6
Q

cell death

A

cell aberation

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7
Q

most frequent element in the body

A

hydrogen

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8
Q

what year was the discovery of the Rotating Magnetic Field in Budapest Hungary

A

1882

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9
Q

(1856- 7 JAN 1943)

A

Nikola Tesla

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10
Q
  • Was a fundamental discovery in physics
  • An Austrian-American inventor and mechanical and electrical engineer
  • Best known for many revolutionary contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th & early 20th centuries
A

Nikola Tesla

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11
Q

1 Tesla= ___________

A

10,00 Gauss (or 104) Gauss (G)

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12
Q

-For measuring magnetic flux density/ magnetic induction (commonly known as magnetic field B)

A

SI Unit Tesla (T)

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13
Q

was named in Tesla’s honour at the conference Generale des Poids et Measures, Paris in 1960

A

SI Unit Tesla (T)

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14
Q

Recommended limit for constant human exposure is

A

2MG

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15
Q

a German mathematician and scientist
-the CGS unit for magnetic induction was named gauss in his hour

A

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

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16
Q

CGS

A

centimeter gram second system of units

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17
Q

French mathematician & physicist
-initiating the investigation of Fourier series & application to problems of heart flow
-Fourier Transform

A

o Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)

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18
Q

algorithm that solves analog data to digital

A

Fourier Transform

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19
Q

-Irish Physicist & mathematician
-developed the equation that the angular frequency of precession of the nuclear spin being proportional to the strength of the magnetic field

A

o Sir Joseph Larmor (1857-1942)

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20
Q

natural precession spin

A

hydrogen atom

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21
Q

Austrian Theoretical physicist; proposed the Pauli Exclusion Principle (to determine the # of electron in k-shell

A

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli

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22
Q

what year was the Pauli Exclusion Principle (to determine the # of electron in k-shell proposed

A

1924

23
Q

He received the Nobel prize for physics in 1945

A

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli

24
Q

outermost electron

A
25
Q

(1900-1988)
-a Dutch-American theoretical physicist
-1925; introduced the concept of spinning electron
-arising from the spinning electrical charge
-angular momentum, magnetic dipole

A

George Eugene Uhnlenbeck

26
Q

What year did Professor Isidor I. Rabbi :
-observed the quantum phenomenon dubbed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
-recognized that the atomic nuclei show their presence by absorbing/emitting radio waves when exposed to a sufficiently strong magnetic field

A

1937

27
Q

what year:
-detecting & measuring single states of rotation of atoms & molecules & in determining the mechanical & magnetic moment of the nuclei
-influenced by Cornelius Jacobus Gorter

A

1930

28
Q

-Dutch Physicist
-detecting & measuring single states of rotation of atoms & molecules & in determining the mechanical & magnetic moment of the nuclei was influenced by ______

A

Cornelius Jacobus Gorter

29
Q

What year:

  • he & his co-worker Broer, reported unsuccessful attempts to observe nuclear magnetic resonance in pure crystalline materials
    -first to demonstrate the phenomenon of paramagnetic relaxation
A

Sept 1937

30
Q

(1907-1976)
-A Soviet Physicist
-discovered electron paramagnetic resonance in 1944

A

Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky

31
Q

-discover magnetic resonance phenomenon
-Nobel prize for physics
-measure magnetic resonance in bulk material such as liquids & solids

A

Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell

32
Q

(Stanford University)

A

-Felix B.

33
Q

(Harvard University)

A

-Edward P.

34
Q

-an American Physicist
-Nuclear induction
-together w/ his colleagues, did an experiment measuring an electromotive force resulting from the forced precession of the nuclear magnetization in the applied RF field

A

Edward Mills Purcell (1912-1997)

35
Q

what year:
birth of MRI

A

1952

36
Q

creates 1 dimensional image

A

-Herman Carr-

37
Q

Magnetic Resonance was discovered

A

1946

38
Q

-further developed the utilization of gradients in the magnetic field and mathematically analysis of these signals for a more useful imaging technique
-gradient coils
-showed how signals can be mathematically analyzed which later gave way to EPI technique in 1977

A

Peter Mansfield

39
Q

the first ultra-high-speed imaging technique; fast high speed imaging technique

A

-EPI (echo-planar imaging);

40
Q

were awarded with the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine

A

-Paul C Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield

41
Q

MRI; receive frequency

A

*coils

42
Q

detectors

A

CT

43
Q

casette

A

X-RAY

44
Q

what year:
-“Tesla Unit” was proclaimed in the Rathaus of Munich, Germany by the International Electro-technical Commission-committee of action.
-all MRI machines are calibrated in “Tesla Units”

A
  • 1956
45
Q

measures strength of a magnetic field
-the stronger the amount of radio signals which can be elicited from the body’s atoms and therefore the higher the quality of MRI images

A

-Tesla or Gauss unite;

46
Q

demonstrated with his NMR device, that there are different T1 relaxation times between normal and abnormal tissues of the same type, as well as between different types of normal tissues

A

Raymond Vahan Damadian

47
Q

-a physician and experimenter working at Brooklyn’s Downstate Medicall Center discovered that hydrogen signal in cancerous tissue is different from that of healthy tissue because tumors contain more water

A

Raymond Vahan Damadian

48
Q

-hyperintence (light)

A

*T1

49
Q

hypointense (dark)

A

T2

50
Q

what year:
completed (after 7 years) the first MR scanner (Indomitable)

A

1977

51
Q

first MR scanner name

A

(Indomitable)

52
Q

what year:

-Raymond Damadian applies for a ptent, which describes the concept of NMR being used for above purpose.
-He illustrates major parts of MRI machine in his patent application

A
  • 1972
53
Q

in 1973, described a new imaging technique that he termed Zeugmatography
-By utilizing gradients in the magnetic field, this technique was able to produce a 2-dimensional image (back-projection)

A

Paul Lauterbur

54
Q

what year:

-Paul Lauterbur, a chemist an an NMR pioneer at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, produced the first NMR image. It was of a test tube

A
  • 1973

MRI (5 decks)

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