Prelim

Question 1

Name four types of body tissue.

Answer 1

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

Question 2

What is the function of connective tissue and a example of where it may be located?

Answer 2

Function - storing energy, example ribs.

Question 3

What if the function of muscle tissue and where is it found?

Answer 3

Function - to produce force and motion, found in artery walls.

Question 4

State the meaning of the term germ line cell.

Answer 4

A cell which is capable of passing on its genetic information to the next generation by giving rise to its Gametes

Question 5

What is meant by the term cellular differentiation.

Answer 5

The process by which a cell develops more specialised functions.

Question 6

State the function of tissue stem cells

Answer 6

To replenish differentiated cells that need to be replaced

Question 7

What are cells called which can differentiate into all cell types?

Answer 7

Pluripotent.

Question 8

How can we detect a woman’s fertile period?

Answer 8

Thinning of the cervical mucus.

Question 9

How does a tumour become malignant

Answer 9

The cells lose the molecules on their surface that normally hold them in their place

Question 10

What is a missense mutation

Answer 10

Results in one amino acid being changed for another.

Question 11

When can we do a dating scan?

Answer 11

8-14 weeks.

Question 12

When can we do a anomaly scan?

Answer 12

18-20 weeks.

Question 13

What is a substitution mutation?

Answer 13

A substitution mutation is when a single base nucleotide is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of a organisms genome.

Question 14

How is a secondary tumour produced?

Answer 14

If cells within the tumour fail to attach to each other they can spread throughout the body and form a second tumour.

Question 15

What is PCR used for?

Answer 15

Helps solve crimes, Settle Paternity Suits, Diagnose Genetic Disorders.

Question 16

What is Bioinformatics?

Answer 16

Bioinformatics is the use of computer and statistical technology to identify DNA samples.

Question 17

What is pharmacogenetics?

Answer 17

When an individuals genome can be analysed to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases , and this information is used in the choice of drugs

Question 18

What are mutations?

Answer 18

Mutations are changes in the DNA that can result in no protein or an altered protein being synthesised.

Question 19

What is a karyotype?

Answer 19

An individuals chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs.

Question 20

What starts the menstruation cycle?

Answer 20

Lack of progesterone.

Question 21

CHROMESOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS - What is a duplication mutation

Answer 21

Where a section of a chromosome is added from its homologous partner.

Question 22

CHROMESOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS - What is a deletion mutation?

Answer 22

Is where a section of chromosome is removed and the rest rejoined if needed.

Question 23

CHROMESOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS - Translocation

Answer 23

Where a section of a chromosome is added to a chromosome which is not its homologous partner.

Question 24

What are single gene mutations?

Answer 24

They involve the alternation of a DNA nucleotide sequence due to substitution, insertion or deletion of nucleotides.

Question 25

Nucleotide substations result in?

Answer 25

Missense Mutations, Nonsense Mutations, Frame-Shift Mutations and Splice-Site mutations.

Question 26

What does a missense mutation result in?

Answer 26

One amino acid being changed for another resulting in either a non-functional protein or very little effect on the protein.

Question 27

What do nonsense mutations result in?

Answer 27

Premature stop codon being produced resulting in a shorted protein.

Question 28

What results from a splice site mutation?

Answer 28

Result in some introns being retained and/or some exons not being included in the mature transcript.

Question 29

Nucleotide insertions or deletions result in Frame Shift mutations. What does a frame shift mutation mean?

Answer 29

Everything is moved so all amino acids after mutation is changed having a major effect on the structure of the protein produced.

Question 30

What happens in PCR stage 1

Answer 30

DNA is heated to between 92-98*C to separate the strands (break hydrogen bonds)

Question 31

What happens in stage 2 of PCR.

Answer 31

Cooled to 50 and 65*C to allow the primers to bind to target sequences.

Question 32

What happens in stage 3 of PCR

Answer 32

Heated to between 70*C and 80*C for heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA.

Question 33

Why is DNA replication fragmented on the lagging strand ?

Answer 33

Primers must bond to 3’ end to start replication

Question 34

What are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 34

Deoxyribose Sugar , phosphate and a base.

Question 35

What is differentiation?

Answer 35

The process by which a cell develops more specialised functions by selective gene expression.

Question 36

Why are tissue stem cells not pluripotent ?

Answer 36

Many of their genes are already switched off so they can only differentiate into a number of cells closely relegated to the tissue they are found in (multi potent)

Question 37

Where does HDL transport excess cholesterol?

Answer 37

Transports excess cholesterol from body cells to liver for elimination.

Question 38

Where does LDL transport cholesterol?

Answer 38

Transport cholesterol from liver to body cells.

Question 39

What happens when a body cell has an adequate supply of cholesterol?

Answer 39

Negative feedback inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors which may cause deposit cholesterol in the arties forming atheroma.

Question 40

Where is cholesterol made?

Answer 40

Liver.

Question 41

What controls blood glucose levels?

Answer 41

Pancreas

Question 42

What is a primary transcript comprised of?

Answer 42

RNA comprising introns and exons.

Question 43

What is a genome?

Answer 43

The genome is the entirety of an organisms heredity information (DNA sequence)

Question 44

What is a genome made up of?

Answer 44

A genome is made up of genes and other DNA sequences that do not code for proteins.

Question 45

What are the bonds that link amino acids to form a poly-peptide?

Answer 45

Peptide Bonds.

Question 46

How is a phenotype of an individual determined?

Answer 46

Phenotype of an individual is determined by the proteins produced as a result of gene expression.

Question 47

What is transcription?

Answer 47

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA.

Question 48

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

Answer 48

RNA polymerase.

Question 49

How are cancer cells made?

Answer 49

Normal cells are controlled by cell cycle regulators and by chemical signals from other cells, cancer cells do not respond to these signals.

Question 50

How are tumours formed?

Answer 50

Cancer cells divide excessively in an uncontrolled way forming a tumour.

Question 51

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 51

It is a discrete group of cells which stay in one place within otherwise normal tissue.

Question 52

What does MRNA do?

Answer 52

mRNA carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

Question 53

What does tRNA do

Answer 53

Folds due to complementary base pairing and carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome