Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human bio prelim > Prelim > Flashcards

Prelim Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name four types of body tissue.

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of connective tissue and a example of where it may be located?

A

Function - storing energy, example ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What if the function of muscle tissue and where is it found?

A

Function - to produce force and motion, found in artery walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State the meaning of the term germ line cell.

A

A cell which is capable of passing on its genetic information to the next generation by giving rise to its Gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is meant by the term cellular differentiation.

A

The process by which a cell develops more specialised functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State the function of tissue stem cells

A

To replenish differentiated cells that need to be replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are cells called which can differentiate into all cell types?

A

Pluripotent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can we detect a woman’s fertile period?

A

Thinning of the cervical mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does a tumour become malignant

A

The cells lose the molecules on their surface that normally hold them in their place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a missense mutation

A

Results in one amino acid being changed for another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When can we do a dating scan?

A

8-14 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When can we do a anomaly scan?

A

18-20 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a substitution mutation?

A

A substitution mutation is when a single base nucleotide is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of a organisms genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is a secondary tumour produced?

A

If cells within the tumour fail to attach to each other they can spread throughout the body and form a second tumour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is PCR used for?

A

Helps solve crimes, Settle Paternity Suits, Diagnose Genetic Disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Bioinformatics?

A

Bioinformatics is the use of computer and statistical technology to identify DNA samples.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

When an individuals genome can be analysed to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases , and this information is used in the choice of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are mutations?

A

Mutations are changes in the DNA that can result in no protein or an altered protein being synthesised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An individuals chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What starts the menstruation cycle?

A

Lack of progesterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CHROMESOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS - What is a duplication mutation

A

Where a section of a chromosome is added from its homologous partner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CHROMESOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS - What is a deletion mutation?

A

Is where a section of chromosome is removed and the rest rejoined if needed.

23
Q

CHROMESOME STRUCTURE MUTATIONS - Translocation

A

Where a section of a chromosome is added to a chromosome which is not its homologous partner.

24
Q

What are single gene mutations?

A

They involve the alternation of a DNA nucleotide sequence due to substitution, insertion or deletion of nucleotides.

25
Q

Nucleotide substations result in?

A

Missense Mutations, Nonsense Mutations, Frame-Shift Mutations and Splice-Site mutations.

26
Q

What does a missense mutation result in?

A

One amino acid being changed for another resulting in either a non-functional protein or very little effect on the protein.

27
Q

What do nonsense mutations result in?

A

Premature stop codon being produced resulting in a shorted protein.

28
Q

What results from a splice site mutation?

A

Result in some introns being retained and/or some exons not being included in the mature transcript.

29
Q

Nucleotide insertions or deletions result in Frame Shift mutations. What does a frame shift mutation mean?

A

Everything is moved so all amino acids after mutation is changed having a major effect on the structure of the protein produced.

30
Q

What happens in PCR stage 1

A

DNA is heated to between 92-98*C to separate the strands (break hydrogen bonds)

31
Q

What happens in stage 2 of PCR.

A

Cooled to 50 and 65*C to allow the primers to bind to target sequences.

32
Q

What happens in stage 3 of PCR

A

Heated to between 70C and 80C for heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA.

33
Q

Why is DNA replication fragmented on the lagging strand ?

A

Primers must bond to 3’ end to start replication

34
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Deoxyribose Sugar , phosphate and a base.

35
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell develops more specialised functions by selective gene expression.

36
Q

Why are tissue stem cells not pluripotent ?

A

Many of their genes are already switched off so they can only differentiate into a number of cells closely relegated to the tissue they are found in (multi potent)

37
Q

Where does HDL transport excess cholesterol?

A

Transports excess cholesterol from body cells to liver for elimination.

38
Q

Where does LDL transport cholesterol?

A

Transport cholesterol from liver to body cells.

39
Q

What happens when a body cell has an adequate supply of cholesterol?

A

Negative feedback inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors which may cause deposit cholesterol in the arties forming atheroma.

40
Q

Where is cholesterol made?

A

Liver.

41
Q

What controls blood glucose levels?

A

Pancreas

42
Q

What is a primary transcript comprised of?

A

RNA comprising introns and exons.

43
Q

What is a genome?

A

The genome is the entirety of an organisms heredity information (DNA sequence)

44
Q

What is a genome made up of?

A

A genome is made up of genes and other DNA sequences that do not code for proteins.

45
Q

What are the bonds that link amino acids to form a poly-peptide?

A

Peptide Bonds.

46
Q

How is a phenotype of an individual determined?

A

Phenotype of an individual is determined by the proteins produced as a result of gene expression.

47
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA.

48
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase.

49
Q

How are cancer cells made?

A

Normal cells are controlled by cell cycle regulators and by chemical signals from other cells, cancer cells do not respond to these signals.

50
Q

How are tumours formed?

A

Cancer cells divide excessively in an uncontrolled way forming a tumour.

51
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

It is a discrete group of cells which stay in one place within otherwise normal tissue.

52
Q

What does MRNA do?

A

mRNA carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

53
Q

What does tRNA do

A

Folds due to complementary base pairing and carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome

Human bio prelim (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions