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Biology Prelim Revision > prelim > Flashcards

prelim Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the DNA structure?

A

made up of two strands twisted to form a double helix

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2
Q

how are the two strands of DNA held together?

A

weak hydrogen bonds between the bases

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3
Q

what are the base pairings?

A

Adenine-Thymine , Cytosine-Guanine

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4
Q

what is DNA made up of?

A

subunits called nucleotides

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5
Q

what is a nucleotide made up of?

A

3 parts; A base, A phosphate and a deoxyribose sugar

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6
Q

what is PCR?

A

it is a way of making many copies of target regions of DNA

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7
Q

what is stage 1 of PCR?

A

DNA is heated to between 92° and 98° to separate the two strands (DNA is denatured)

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8
Q

what is stage two of PCR?

A

DNA is cooled to between 50 and 65°C to allow primers to bind (anneal) to target sequences

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9
Q

what is stage 3 of PCR?

A

DNA is heated to between 70 and 80°C for heat-tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA

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10
Q

what is transcription?

A

transcription is the name of the process in which a copy of DNA is made

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11
Q

what is the copy of DNA made from transcription called?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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12
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

the nucleus

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13
Q

what is translation?

A

mRNA which has been transcribed is translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

what is a triplet of bases on mRNA called?

A

a codon

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15
Q

what is a non coding region of DNA called?

A

an intron

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16
Q

what is a coding region of DNA called?

A

an exon

17
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a random change in DNA structure/mass

18
Q

what is a mutagenic agent?

A

a mutagenic agent increases the frequency of mutation

19
Q

example of a mutagenic agent

A

mustard gas, radiation

20
Q

what is a single gene mutation?

A

Single gene mutations involve a change in one of the base pairs

21
Q

single gene mutation types

A

deletion, insertion, substitution

22
Q

what is a frameshift mutation?

A

Frameshift mutations cause all of the codons and all of the amino acids after point of mutation to be changed

23
Q

types of frameshift mutations

A

insertion, deletion

24
Q

improving reliability of an experiment

A

complete experiment more than once and calculate an average

25
Q

what is recombinant DNA technology?

A

recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) is technology used to alter the genetic makeup of an organism

26
Q

what is hibernation?

A

a form of dormancy in some animals (usually mammals) which allows them to survive during low temperatures or winter

27
Q

why is hibernation useful?

A

it allows the metabolism to slow down during a time when food is scarce and maintaining body temperature requires too much energy

28
Q

what kind of circulatory system do anphibians have?

A

incomplete double circulatory system

29
Q

what is an incomplete double circulatory system?

A

The heart consists of only one ventricle and two atria. Therefore, some oxygenated blood (from the lungs) is mixed with deoxygenated blood from the body.

30
Q

what kind of circulatory system do birds have?

A

a complete double circulatory system

31
Q

what is a complete double circulatory system?

A

The heart consists of two atria and two ventricles which are separated. There is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and the oxygenated blood can be pumped out at a higher pressure.

32
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

33
Q

what is released throughout the citric acid cycle?

A

CO2

34
Q

how much energy is generated from citric acid cycle?

A

1 molecule per pyruvate

35
Q

what happens to hydrogen ions and electrons?

A

they are removed by dehydrogenase enzymes and are accepted by NAD to form NADH

36
Q

what happens in the citric acid cycle?

A

acetyl combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate

37
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced in citric acid cycle

A

2

Biology Prelim Revision (1 decks)

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