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CC1 > PRELIM 1: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

PRELIM 1: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

1
Q

is the highest point

A

Crest or peak

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2
Q

is the lowest
point

A

trough

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3
Q

is the number of waves that pass an observation
point in a unit of time

A

Frequency

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3
Q

is the distance of two peaks/crest or troughs
when light travels in a wavelike manner

A

Wavelength

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4
Q

is the distance between two adjacent peak and
trough

A

Amplitude

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5
Q

is inversely proportional to the frequency of
the light wave

A

Wavelength

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6
Q

is inversely proportional to the wavelength of light

A

Energy

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7
Q

Wavelength or frequency of the electromagnetic waves are perceived as

A

color or hue

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8
Q

Height or amplitude of the electromagnetic waves are
perceived as

A

intensity or brightness

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8
Q

There are two kinds of wavelengths: ______which
can be observed at 340-700nm and the_____
which could either be Ultraviolet with a wavelength of less
than 400nm or Infrared with a wavelength of greater than
700 nm.

A

Visible Spectra, Invisible Spectra

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9
Q

Principle: Measures the amount of light transmitted to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution; the measurement of the light transmitted by a
solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing
substance in the solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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10
Q

states that the concentration of
substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed but inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light

A

Beer-Lamberts Law

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11
Q

= amount of light
absorbed

A

Absorbance (OD-optical density)

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12
Q

-provides electromagnetic radiation as visible,
infrared, or UV light

A

Light source

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13
Q

type of light source can emit UV light

A

Mercury Vapor Lamp

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13
Q

type of light source ideal for emission
of light within the visible region (iodide prolongs stability of Tungsten); produces energy wavelength from 340-700nm (visible region); used for moderately
diluted solution

A

Tungsten/Tungsten-iodide lamp

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13
Q

type of light source energy wavelength UV
range (down to 165nm)

A

Deuterium Discharge Lamp

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14
Q

Types of light source

A

-Tungsten/Tungsten-iodide lamp
-Mercury Vapor Lamp
-Deuterium Discharge Lamp
-Infrared Energy Source
-Quart Halide Lamp
-Mercury vapor Lamp
-hallow cathode lamp

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15
Q

type of light source above 800 nm

A

Infrared Energy Source

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16
Q
  • reduces stray light and prevents scattered light from entering the monochromator
A

Entrance Slit

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16
Q

type of light source contains small amt of halogen such as iodine to prevent the decomposition of vaporized tungsten

A

Quart Halide Lamp

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16
Q

type of light source exists narrow bands of energy at well defined places in the spectrum UV and visible light

A

Mercury Vapor Lamp

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17
Q

Spectophotometer components

A

-light source
-entrance slit
-monochromator
-exit slit
-analytical cell
-detector
-meter

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17
Q

type of light source consists of a gas-tight
chamber containing anode, a cylindrical cathode and
insert gas such as helium

A

Hollow Cathode Lamp

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18
Q
  • isolates the specific wavelength of choice
A

Monochromator

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19
Q

types of monochromator

A

-prism
-gratings
-colored filters
-interference filters

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20
Q

commonly used type of monochromator

A

diffraction gratings

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21
Q

-wedge-shaped pieces of glass, quartz, or sodium chloride that allows transmission of light wherein each side of the prism has different thickness allowing selection of wavelength of light

-disperses white light into a continuous spectrum of colors based on variation of refractive index for different wavelength

A

Prism

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22
Q

-has small grooves cut at such an angle that each grooves behave like a very small prism and the wavelengths are bent as they pass a sharp corner

-separate white light into various color comp.

A

Gratings

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22
Q

-made of glass that absorbs some portion of the electromagentic spectrum and transmit others wherein
light energy is absorbed by dye components on the class and is dissipated as heat

-band pass is 35-50nm or more

A

Colored Filters

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23
Q
  • used to hold the solution in the instrument
    whose concentration is to be measured
A

Analytical Cell

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23
Q

-enhances desired wavelength by constructive
interference and eliminates others by destructive
interferences

-utlizes the wave cx of light to enhance the intensity of
the desired wavelength by constructive interference and
eliminates others by destructive interference and reflections

-band pass is 10-20nm

A

Interference Filters

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24
Q

type of analaytical cell for alkaline solution that do not etch
glass

A

Borosilicate Glass

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24
Q

type of analaytical cell best for wavelength below 320nm

A

Quartz or Plastic

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25
Q

type of analaytical cell best for visible light

A

Aluminum Silica Glass

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26
Q

type of analaytical cell best for acidic solution

A

Soft glass

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27
Q
  • converts transmitted light energy into an equivalent
    amount of electrical energy
A

Detector

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28
Q

type of detector composed of film of light sensitive
material; no power source needed

A

Barrier layer cells

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29
Q

type of detector has photosensitive material that gives off electron when light energy strikes it; requires
an outside voltage for operation

A

Photoemission tube

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29
Q

type of detector used a series of electrodes to
internally amplify the photosignal before leaving the tube

A

Photomultiplier tube

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30
Q

Principle: measures the light emitted when electrons in an
atom become excited by heat energy produced by the flame

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

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31
Q

simplest method of displaying output
of the detection system

A

Meter (read out device)

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32
Q

Measures electrolytes with a 1+ charge: Na, K, Li

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

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33
Q

Excited atoms return to ground state by emitting light energy
that is characteristic of that atom

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

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34
Q

Analyte and color emitted by Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

A

Sodium filter
Potassium filter
Lithium filter

35
Q

Potassium filter transmits only

A

violet light (367 nm)

35
Q

Lithium filter-transmits only

A

red light (767nm)

35
Q

Sodium filter transmits only

A

yellow light (589 nm)

36
Q

Components of FES

A

-Flame
-gases
-automizer or burner
-Interference Filter
-photocell

37
Q

-breaks the chemical bonds to produce atoms
-source of energy that will be absorbed by the atoms to enter
the excitation state

37
Q

-breaks up the solution into finer droplets so that the atom will
absorb heat energy from the flame and get excited

A

Atomizer or Burner

37
Q

-using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas (acetylene,
propane or natural gas)

38
Q

aspirate sample directly into
flame

A

Total Consumption Burner

39
Q
  • involves the gravitational feeding of solution
A

Premix Burner

40
Q
  • serves as monochromator in FES
A

Interference Filter

40
Q
  • serves as photodetector in FES
40
Q

is the preferred internal standard which also acts as a radiation buffer in FES

41
Q

Principle: measures concentration of the element by
detecting absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

42
Q

The elements are not excited but are dissociated from their
chemical bonds and placed in the unionized, unexcited ground state

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

43
Q

Measures electrolytes with a 2+ charge: Ca2+, Mg2+

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

43
Q

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry components

A

-light source
-mechanical rotating chopper
-burner
-monochromator
-detector
-read out device

44
Q
  • modulates light beam
    coming from the light source
A

Mechanical Rotating Chopper

44
Q

A burner that uses flame to dissociate the chemical bonds and
form free unexcited atoms

45
Q

Principle: Unknown samples are made to react with a known
solution in the presence of an indicator

Sample tests: _________

A

Volumetry/Titrimetry
Schales & Schales method;EDTA Titration

46
Q

Principle: it is the isolation of the pure form of the sample
and its derivatives and the determination of its dry weight

Sample tests: _______

A

Gravimetry
Lipid determination

46
Q

Principle: Measures the amount of light blocked by a
suspension of particular matter as light passes through the
cuvette

A

Turbidimetry

47
Q

Principle: Measures the amount of light scattered by small
particles at an angle to the beam incident on the cuvette

A

Nephelometry

47
Q

Flow Cytometry interpretation cell granularity and nuclear irregularity=

A

90° angle scatter

47
Q

Principle: measures multiple properties of cells suspended
in a moving fluid medium

A

Flow Cytometry

48
Q

Flow Cytometry interpretation
cell size=_______

A

Forward light scatter

49
Q

a phase in chromatography that carries the complex mixture

A

mobile phase

49
Q

the constituents of the mixture are separated by a continuous
redistribution between two phases; mobile phase and stationary phase

A

Chromatography

49
Q

Principle: involves the separation of a mixture on the basis
of specific differences of the physical and chemical
characteristics of the different components on a supporting
medium

A

Chromatography

50
Q

a phase in chromatography where the mobile phase flows

A

stationary phase

50
Q

Principle: A spot of the substance fractioned is placed on the paper just above the solvent level

The organic solvent moves up through the paper by
capillary action and variations in the sample move at
different rates

A

Paper Chromatography

50
Q

Types of Chromatorgraphy

A

-Paper Chromatography
-Thin Layer Chromatography
-Liquid-Liquid Chromatography
-Ion Exchange Chromatography
-Column Chromatography
-Gel Chromatography
-Gas Chromatography

51
Q

Basis of Separation:
o Rate of diffusion
o Solubility of solute
o Nature of the solvent

A

Paper Chromatography

52
Q

Clinical use: fraction of sugars, AA and barbituates

A

Paper Chromatograph

53
Q

Same principle as paper chromatography but differs in
the sorbent used

SORBENT: thin plastic plates impregnated to a layer of
silica gel, alumina, polyacrylamide gel or starch gel

A

Thin Layer Chromatography

53
Q

Principle: the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

54
Q

Principle: separation of substances according to their solubility in an organic/non-polar solvent and in an
aqueous/polar solvent

“Like Dissolves Like”

A

Liquid-Liquid Chromatography

54
Q

Clinical use: fractionation of barbituates and lipids

A

Liquid-Liquid Chromatography

54
Q

Basis of Separation:
o difference in pH
o polarity of solvent

A

Column Chromatography

55
Q

Principle: adsorption of the solutes of a solution through a stationary phase and separates the mixture into individual components

A

Column Chromatography

56
Q

Clinical use: Fractionation of sugars

A

Column Chromatography

57
Q

Principle: the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase)
is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it

A

Gel Chromatography

57
Q

Principle: separating and measuring nanograms and pictogram amounts of volatile substance

A

Gas Chromatography

58
Q

Basis of Separation:
o Molecular weight & size
o Charge of ions
o Hydrophobicity of the molecules

A

Gel Chromatography

59
Q

Kinds of GC
_______- sorbent is solid
w/ a large surface

_______-sorbent is a
non-volatile liquid

A

Gas-Solid Chromatography
Gas-Liquid Chromatography

59
Q

Basis of Separation:
o sample volatility
o rate of diffusion into liquid layer of the column
packing
o solubility of sample in the liquid layer

A

Gas Chromatography

59
Q

Clinical use: drug screening and drug analysis
fractionation of steroids, lipids, barbituates, blood
alcohol and other toxicologic substances

A

Gas Chromatography

60
Q

Principle: measurement of difference in current at a
constant voltage

______: relationship between the difference in
current and voltage

A

Polarography
Ilkovic Equation

60
Q

Principle: measures the difference in voltage at a constant
current

_______: relationship between the measured voltage and the unknown concentration

A

Potentiometry
Nerst Equation

61
Q

Principle: measures the current flow between two nonpolarizable electrodes between a known electrical potential is
established

A

Conductometry

61
Q

Principle: measures the amount of current that flows when
constant voltage is applied the measuring electrode

A

Amperometry

62
Q

Principle: Measures the fluorescence or the energy
emission that occurs when a certain compound absorbs
electromagnetic radiation, become excited and then return to an energy state that is usually higher than their original level

-Emitted light has longer wavelength than the incident/excited
light due to the loss of energy during collision

A

Fluorimetry

62
Q

Principle: measures the amount of electricity (coulombs) at a
fixed potential

_____: number of coulombs consumed can be
directly related to the concentration of the unknown

A

Coulometry
Faraday’s Law

62
Q

Fluorimetry Main problem w/ fluorescence:

62
Q

-has 2 monochromators

A

fluorimetry

63
Q

Principle: migration or movement of charged particles in an
electric field

A

Electrophoresis

63
Q
  • strip with a clear
    plastic backing w/ a coating of cellulose acetate particles attached to it
    Disadv: becomes brittle when dried
A

Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis

63
Q
  • earliest support media
    Disadv: paper is fragile and easily damaged staining of
    protein
A

Paper Electrophoresis

64
Q

Disadv: electric neutrality; separation is strictly on the
basis of electric charge and uniformity of material size

A

Agarose Electrophoresis

64
Q
  • good for large samp
    Disadv: fragile and unable to store results permanently
A

Starch Gel Electrophoresis

65
Q
  • uses protein
    size as the major factor in the separation process and
    the net charge of proteins
A

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

65
Q

Electrophoresis Specimens:

A

Serum, Urine, Cerebrospinal Fluid

65
Q

Clinical Use: analysis of proteins (serum) that can provide
quick and useful information regarding the presence or
absence of disease entities

A

Electrophoresis

66
Q

Basic Approaches in Automation

A

-CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYZER
-DISCRETE ANALYZER
-CENTRIFUGAL ANALYZER

67
Q

-Sequential analysis
-Uniformity in test performance

A

CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYZER

68
Q

-Separate analysis
-Most popular and versatile analyzer

A

DISCRETE ANALYZER

69
Q

-Batch analysis
-Centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber, into a cuvette, passing a light beam
and measuring the absorbance

A

CENTRIFUGAL ANALYZER

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