prelim 1 Flashcards
Middlemist, Knowles, & Matter (1977) study
urinal study, if personal space invasions in bathroom lead to arousal
limits of observational studies
Purely observational behavioral/self-report measures by themselves
can provide good data.
• But they cannot determine causality
“shapa” scale
by dan ariely, scale with no numbers, uses data from over a week and just uses colors
Electroencephalography (EEG)
measures electrical activity
in the brain
fairly non intrusive
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
measure of blood flow to areas
of brain (oxygenation)
• correlational
expensive
Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation (TMS)
Electromagnetic induction over scalp • Disrupts neuronal activity in targeted region • (For now) penetration is limited to 5-6 cm deep • minor side-effects
developmental methods
Cross-sectional (e.g., compare 3 yr. olds to 5 yr. olds)
• Longitudinal (e.g., look at kids at age 3, then again at age 5).
• Twin Studies (identical vs. fraternal, reared together vs. reared
apart)
• Experimental methods
Implicit Associations Test
(Greenwald, McGhee &
Schwartz, 1998)
Measures association between
concepts
• e.g., race, age, gender and “good”
vs. “bad”
triangulating
looking across multiple levels of analysis,
using various methods.
neuroscience
is the study of the brain (the structure and function of the nervous
system)
psychology
is the study of the mind
The “Astonishing Hypothesis”
everything you are is just a behavior of neuron cells, you are just a pack of neurons
philosophical dualism
The belief that while bodies are
physical, minds are immaterial. soul separate from body
intuitive dualism
we possess our body and our brains, we are intimately related to them, but they are not what we are
how many neurons
About 86,000,000,000
sensory neurons
affarent
motor neurons
efferent neurons
intensity is expressed by
number of neurons firing and
frequency of firing
neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that send
signals across neurons
Acetylcholine
stimulates muscle movement, memory, arousal, attention, mood
dopamine
one of four neurotransmitters called monoamines, produces both excitatory and inhibitory
effects and is involved in several functions, including learning, attention, and
movement,
feeling of reward, pleasure and addiction
Serotonin
regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite
Norepinephrine
affects eating habits (it stimulates the intake of carbohydrates) and plays a major role in
alertness and wakefulness.
GABA
main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Endorphins
relief from pain or the stress of vigorous exercise and produce feelings of pleasure and
well-being
How Drugs Affect Neurotransmitters
nfluence the chemical precursors of a transmitter substance
• prevent the storage of the transmitter substance in vesicles
• inhibit or stimulate the release of the transmitter substance
• block postsynaptic receptors
• block reuptake of free-floating transmitter substance
amphetamine psychosis
(delusions and hallucinations) too much dopamine
Schizophrenia
delusions and hallucinations w/o meth, reduce dopamine to fix
tardive dyskinesia
not enough dopamine, uncontrollable body movements, shaking
Parkinson’s Disease
uncontrollable bodily movement, treat with more dopamine
neuroplasticity
Changes in the physical structure and functional organization of the brain
due to experience
Gazzaniga And Split-Brain Patients
severed corpus callosum
Sensation
acquiring basic/raw information about the world through the five
senses
Perception
making sense of the information, changing it into something
useful
How Do We Determine What
Is An Object?
proximity similarity closure good continuation common movement good form
Shepard Tone (Auditory Illusion)
sounds like constantly increasing tone
• Binocular disparity
images
giving slightly different info to
each eye
Convergence
at close
distances, how much your eye
is “crossed” gives the brain info
about depth.
muller-lyer illusion
bottom line same length as top even though arrows make look different
ponzo illusion
railroad lines longer
ebbinghaus illusion
circles, inner circle looks bigger around smaller circles, smaller around big circles
the mcgurk effect
bah bah bah dah dah dah
Higher cognitive processes
thought, judgment, beliefs, desires, etc
Lower cognitive processes:
sensation, perception, attention`
bottom up
most general, sensations and then judgements
Linguistic relativism:
the view that the language we speak constrains our
perception and cognition. (Also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)
Berg & Toch (1964):
inmates, impulsuve vs neurotic, which more likely to see violent image
Bruner And Goodman (1946)
rich vs poor kids on size of coin
