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biomi 1100 > prelim 1 > Flashcards

prelim 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Body is a habitat for

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2
Q

Domains

A

What lives on and in your body?

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3
Q

C, O, N, H, P and S

A

What are atoms made of?

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4
Q

Atoms

A

What are molecules made of?

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5
Q

Large complex molecules

A

What are macromolecules made of?

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6
Q

H20, H2, CH4, NH3

A

What is Earth’s early atmosphere?

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7
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Organization of what into organic life forms Earth’s atmosphere

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8
Q

Amino acids/other organic compounds

A

Miller-Urey Experiment produced what with electricity

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9
Q

Molecules that make up proteins

A

What are amino acids

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10
Q

R

A

What symbol are amino acids?

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11
Q

Molecules that made up nucleic acids?

A

What are nucleotides?

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12
Q

Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

A

What are nucleotides made of?

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13
Q

20 different types (polypeptides)

A

What do amino acids organize themself into

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14
Q

4-5 different types (polynucleotides)

A

What do nucleotides organize themself into

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15
Q

Macromolecules

A

There chains of molecules form what

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16
Q

Polynucleotides

A

Make copies of themselves

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17
Q

Complementarity

A

How do they self-replicate

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18
Q

Nucleotides

A

Bind to one nucleotide more than others

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19
Q

Lipids

A

Form contained structures when in water

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20
Q

Central Dogma

A

Genetic flow of information in the cell (DNA replication, RNA synthesis transcribes, protein synthesis translates)

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21
Q

DNA

A

much more stable than RNA

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22
Q

Tree of life

A

Show relationships in evolution based on shared characteristic

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23
Q

Divide between Bacteria/(Archaea&Eukarya)

A

Last common ancestor of today’s species

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24
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Inorganic molecules form organic molecules under right conditions, 2. Enclosure of nucleic acids and protins in lipid shells may be precursors of life, 3. All life on Earth falls into three domains of the tree of life
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25
Q

Hair follicles

A

Zits form where

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26
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

What produces oil, blocking duct into follicle

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27
Q

Propionibacterium acnes

A

Blockage leads to infection by what

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28
Q

Bacterium

A

What is propionibacterium acnes?

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29
Q

Anaerobic environments (no oxygen)

A

Where do propionibacterium acnes occur?

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30
Q

Last universal common ancestor

A

LUCA

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31
Q

Bacteria + Archaea

A

What domains are enormously abundant

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32
Q

Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral)

A

Shapes of bacteria and archaea

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33
Q

Squares, stars, filaments

A

Other shapes of bacteria and archaea

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34
Q

Rod-shaped

A

Propionobacterium acnes is what shape

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35
Q

Oil (chemoheterotroph)

A

What does pripionobacterium acnes eat for energy?

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36
Q

Cell membrane + cell wall together

A

What makes an envelope?

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37
Q

Bilipid layer of phospholipids (micelles)

A

What makes cell membrane?

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38
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Cell wall

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39
Q

Gram-positive and gram-negative

A

What types can cell envelopes come in?

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40
Q

Staining process used to determine permeability

A

What is a gram

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41
Q

Components of cell wall/membrane can be targeted by antibiotics

A

Why is gram important?

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42
Q

Blue/purple

A

What color is gram positive

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43
Q

Red/pink

A

What color is gram negative

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44
Q

Gram-positive

A

What color is propionobacterium acnes?

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45
Q

Malassezia spp.

A

What may cause dandruff

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46
Q

Sebum(oil/lipids) and carbon (chemoorganotroph)

A

What does Malassezia consume for energy?

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47
Q

Skin surface

A

Where does Malassezia occur?

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48
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids, penetrating skin

A

The consumption of lipids results in what

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49
Q

A eukarya (fungi?)

A

What domain is Malassezia spp.

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50
Q

Bacteria + Archaea

A

Do not have nucleus/other organelles

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51
Q

Typically circular

A

Bacteria + Archaea DNA shape

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52
Q

Organelles

A

Act as active site for respiration/photosynthesis

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53
Q

Endosymbiosis of bacteria in archaea

A

Where did organelles come from?

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54
Q

Membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotes

A

What did endosymbiosis result in

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55
Q

Eukarya

A

Archaea more closely related to

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56
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Acne is caused by infction with bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, 2. Dandruff is dead skin that can increase from scalp irritation caused by fungi Malassezia
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57
Q

Metazoans (contain more than one cell, usually differentiated tissues)

A

What are head lice

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58
Q

Obligate parasites

A

What are head lice to humans

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59
Q

Vectores, have symbionts

A

What are they of microorganisms

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60
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Eukaryotes evolved through symbiosis between tow microorganisms, 2. Metazoans are one branch of many in tree of eukaryotes, 3. Parasites are symbionts, but not all symbionts are parasites
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61
Q

Ectosymbiosis

A

When one species lives on or near another species

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62
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

When one species lives inside another

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63
Q

Larger species

A

Host

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64
Q

Smaller species

A

Symbiont

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65
Q

Mutualistic

A

All partners benefit

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66
Q

Commensalism

A

One partner benefits while other is unharmed

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67
Q

Parasitic

A

One partner benefits while other is hurt

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68
Q

Obligate

A

Symbiosis is necessary for survival (ex. Dracunulus medinesis)

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69
Q

Facultative

A

Symbiosis is opportunistic and symbiont/host can exist without other partner (ex. Naeegleria fowleri)

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70
Q

Mitochondria

A

Derived from a bacterium

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71
Q

Symbiont became dependent on host, lost most genes, then host evolved linear chromosomes, fusion resulted

A

Why is symbiosis important for evolution?

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72
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Have double membranes (have original membranes and obtained another from host)

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73
Q

Have large number of other pathogens within body, but pathogenic to humans

A

Head lice are…

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74
Q

Pediculus humanus

A

Name of lice

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75
Q

Arthropod

A

What are head lice species

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76
Q

Human-human contact

A

Vectored how?

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77
Q

Pyrethrins

A

How to treat lice

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78
Q

Delay closure of voltage channels in nerves

A

What do pyrethrins do

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79
Q

Blood-borne diseases

A

What can head lice transmit

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80
Q

Epidemic typhus

A

Bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii

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81
Q

Relapsing fever

A

Bacterium Borrelia recurrentis

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82
Q

Trench fever

A

Bacterium Bartonella quintana

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83
Q

Bartonella quintana

A

Head lice are a vector for

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84
Q

Aerobic gram negative, picky about cell culture conditions, grow best with human blood, may exist in arthropods but grows best in humans, not a symbiont

A

Facts about Bartonella quintana

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85
Q

Have endosymbiotic bacteria

A

Because blood lacks nutritional requirmeents, as can only be made by some bacteria, lice have … to make these compounds

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86
Q

Hosts

A

What are head lice in a mutualistic endosymbiosis

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87
Q

A mutualistic relationship

A

What is endosymbiosis with the bacterium Riesia spp

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88
Q

Low

A

Lice can survive but have what chance of success

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89
Q

Riesia has no genes for energy metabolish, gets nutrients from host

A

Why is symbiosis important for evolution?

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90
Q

Microbiome

A

Where is this common

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91
Q

Pthiris pubis

A

Crabs name (pubic lice)

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92
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Mutualistic endosymbiosis result in loss of genetic capability to live independently, 2. Eukaryotes arose through endosymbiosis where relationship became obligate, 3. Some bacteria amy be widspread in metazoan but may not be symbiont, 4. Pathogenic bacteria may be vectored from host to host
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93
Q

Bacteria

A

Dental plaque caused by … in mouth

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94
Q

Reduced chemical compounds

A

Stink is caused by

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95
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Bacteria use catabolic reactions to capture energy which is then used in anabolism, 2. Reaction carried out by enzymes encoded for by genes, 3. Some interactions are pathogenic resulting in degradation by enzyme activities
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96
Q

Lots of habitats for microorganisms bc moist/warm

A

Description of oral cavity

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97
Q

Dead mucose, ingested material, egested material

A

Resources for microorganisms

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98
Q

[Oral] Microbiome

A

Most microorganisms do not cause disease (not pathogens)

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99
Q

Thick cell wall

A

What type of cell wall does gram positive have

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100
Q

Thin cell wall/outer membrane

A

What type of cell wall does gram negative have

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101
Q

Oxygen comes into direct contact w/ surfaces

A

Aerobic habitats

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102
Q

No oxygen contact, under biofilms, back of tongue

A

Anaerobic habitats

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103
Q

Anaerobic reactions

A

Stinky compounds are reduced compounds produced in

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104
Q

Metabolism/catabolism

A

What is stinky compound formation part of

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105
Q

Inflammation of gums

A

Gingivitis

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106
Q

Gram negative bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis

A

How is gingivitis caused

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107
Q

Anaerobic bacterium

A

What is P. endodontalis

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108
Q

Methyl mercaptan

A

What does P. endodontalis make

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109
Q

Electrons (chemical bonds)

A

Where does energy come from

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110
Q

Gain of electrons

A

Reduction

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111
Q

Loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

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112
Q

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

A

How do living cells store energy?

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113
Q

Three phosphate-oxygen double bonds

A

Describe ATP

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114
Q

Energy producing and energy consuming reactions

A

ATP is key to

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115
Q

Glogogen (sugar polymer), starch, sulfur compounds, fats

A

How to store energy

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116
Q

Used in anabolism (create)

A

What happens to ATP

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117
Q

Amino acids to proteins, nucleotides to nucleic acids, sugars to polysaccharides, fatty acids to lipids

A

ATP Makes what new microbial cells

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118
Q

Respiration: oxygen used as electron acceptor (aerobic/anaerobic). Fermentation: organic compounds used as electron acceptor (only anaerobic)

A

Catabolism (break)

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119
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of RNA and proteins

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120
Q

Peptides

A

Amino acids formed into chains

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121
Q

Form proteins

A

Peptides form polymers, which form

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122
Q

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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123
Q

Catabolism

A

Bacteria can make stinky products by

124
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganism that can cause infection

125
Q

Infection

A

Overgrowth of microoganism in the body

126
Q

Pathogen

A

What is P. endodontalis considered

127
Q

Virulence factors

A

Cause disorder

128
Q

Cellular structure (capsular polysaccharide and fimbrae)

A

Virulence factors comprise both

129
Q

Inflammation, attachment structures

A

What does capsular polysaccharide and fimbrae do

130
Q

Protease

A

Gingipain is a type of secreted enzyme

131
Q

Pathogen survival/colonization

A

Purpose of virulence factors

132
Q

Capsules and slime layers

A

External cell structures

133
Q

Provide protection and attachment

A

What do external polysaccharide layers do

134
Q

Tightly, loosely

A

Capsule is ____ attached, slime layer is ____ attached

135
Q

Establishing pathogenicity

A

Koch’s Postulates

136
Q
  1. Isolate pathogen, 2. Grow pathogen in laboratory to obtain a pure culture, 3/ Inoculate healthy individual with sample from pure culture (should cause same disease symptoms), 4. Reisolate same pathogen from individual
A

What is Koch’s Postulates

137
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Bacteria capture enrgy through catabolic reactions w/ organic and inorganic molecules then use energy for anabolism, 2. Catabolism is mediated by proteins -> encoded by genes -> make up genome, 3. Pathogens are disorder-causing microorganisms that cause degradation though catabolic ractiosn and structural features
138
Q

Communicate and cooperate

A

Bacteria can

139
Q

Build structures, coordinate behavior

A

They do this by

140
Q

Mold (fungus, eukaryote)

A

“Black mold” is

141
Q

Bacteria growing in a biofilm

A

“Red mold” is

142
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Many bacteria grow in structures, stuck to surfaces (biofilms) – which provide protection, 2. Bacteria must sometimes cooperate and communicate throguh quorum sensing, 3. Biofilms can be very costly to manage and dangerous for human heath
143
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

Name of red mold

144
Q

Red-shaped bacterium

A

Shape of red mold

145
Q

Distinctive red pigment (prodigiosin = secondary compound)

A

Red mold creates what appearance

146
Q

Pathogenic under right conditions

A

Opportunistic pathogen

147
Q

Commonly studies pathogen of insects, cause disease in corals

A

S. marcescens as a pathogen

148
Q

Urinary tract, respiratory tract, and eyes

A

S. marcescens can be a pathogen to humans

149
Q

Can form biofilms on surfaces, attach to abiotic surfaces (shower), and biotic surfaces (eye, urinary tract)

A

How is S. marcescens a pathogen

150
Q

Structure of polysaccharides, contains bacteria, stuck to surface

A

Biofilm is a

151
Q

Mushroom structure

A

S. Marcescens in shower is shaped like

152
Q

Cell-chain or filament biofilms

A

S. Marcescens in eyeball is shaped like

153
Q

Eats soap scum and shampoo residue

A

S. Marcescens in shower eats

154
Q

Vary depending on environment/species

A

Biofilm structures

155
Q

Default

A

Biofilms are the what type of state for many bacteria

156
Q

Low nutrient, wet environments

A

Beneficial in what type of environments

157
Q

Stay in place (form where water moves/circulates nutrients)

A

Why form a biofilm

158
Q

Stays safe (strength in numbers, protection from immune system, antibiotics, stress, predators)

A

Why else form a biofilm

159
Q

Make friends (involve multiple species, benefit from each other’s abilities)

A

Why else else form a biofilm

160
Q

Stick to it (cell surface proteins (ex. pili, fimbriae, flagella)

A

How to stick to surfaces to form biofilm

161
Q

Extracellular polymer substances (EPS)

A

How to build matrix to form biofilm

162
Q

Cells cooperate to form matrix, strength in numbrs

A

How to form matrix

163
Q

Cell-cell communication (quorum sensing

A

How do bacteria know if there are enough cells to make biofilm

164
Q

Minimum number of individuals needed for a group to conduct business

A

Quorum

165
Q

Minimum density of individuals, not absolute number

A

For bacteria

166
Q

Access their own density

A

Quorum sensing lets bacteria

167
Q

Cell produces signal that diffuses into environment, signal enters other cells, if enough signal – “turns on” a trait

A

How does quorum sensing work?

168
Q

Cost billions of dollars yearly (cleaning/maintaining/replacing equipment, water/food contamination, infections)

A

Why care abt biofilms?

169
Q

Associated w disease, make antibiotics less effective, increase chance of nosocomical infection (difficult to clean, forms on urinary catheters)

A

Biofilms cause serious medical problems

170
Q

Disrupting quorum sensing could be used to treat infections, possible target for antibiotics

A

Quorum sensing if involved in biofilm formation/pathogen production of virulence factors

171
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Biofilms complex structures that are important to bacteria (requires bacterial cooperation and lead to benefits), 2. Bacteria can communicate w each other through quorum sensing (cells make signals that other cells receive and respond to), 3. Biofilms can be very costly to clean up and lead to contamination and infection
172
Q

Intraspecies communication

A

When is it good to have strength in numbers

173
Q

Biofilm formation, make virulence factors that let pathogens invade host tissue, make products that allow them to work together for motility

A

Examples of quorum sensing for intraspecies

174
Q

Predatory bacteria, hunt in cooperative “wolf packs”, and work together to build spore producing “fruiting bodies”

A

Swarming motility in Myxococcus

175
Q

Interspecies communication

A

When you want to eavesdrop or cooperate

176
Q

Pick up signals from other species, cooperate (biofilm formation)

A

Examples of quorum sensing for interspecies

177
Q

Universal autoinducers

A

Frequently turn on traits in many other bacteria

178
Q

Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain

A

Gastroenteritis symptoms

179
Q

Cholera, Typhoid

A

Infectious agents (bacteria)

180
Q

Cryptosporidium, Giardia

A

Infectious agents (protozoa)

181
Q

Polio, Hepatitis A

A

Infectious agents (virus)

182
Q

Wastewater treatment and water purification

A

Prevention of waterborne diseases

183
Q

Sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, chlorination, storage, distribution

A

Water treatment process

184
Q

Indicator organisms

A

Potable/recreational water regularly tested for

185
Q

Coliform, fecal coliform, escherichia coli

A

Types of indicator organisms

186
Q

Gram negative, non-sporulating facultatively aerobic rods that rerment lactose to makes gas within 48hr at 35C

A

Coliform

187
Q

Coliforms from the gut of warm blooded animals

A

Fecal coliforms

188
Q

Common fecal coliform

A

Escherichia coli

189
Q

Gram negative, short generation time (20 min in 37C)

A

About Escherichia coli

190
Q

All DNA found in an organism (or virus)

A

Genome

191
Q

Has essential genes

A

Chromosomes

192
Q

oriC (origin of chromosome replication)

A

Single, closed circular chromosome w a single site where DNA replication begins

193
Q

E. coli K12

A

Workhorse of the lab

194
Q

E. coli A and B1

A

Apart of our gut microbiome (good bacteria)

195
Q

E. coli 0157:H7

A

Produces Shiga toxin (food borne disease)

196
Q

Microbiota, proteome, metabolome, microbiome

A

Types of microbiomes

197
Q

Nutrition, immunomodulation, mood/mental health, colonization resistance

A

What goods and services to microbiomes do

198
Q

Disruption of homeostasis between gut microbiota and host

A

Dysbiosis

199
Q

Human development, nutrition, gut dysbiosis (IBD), Obesity, pharrmacology, antibiotics, human behavior, neurological disease, cancer

A

What conditions may be impacted by the microbiome

200
Q

Collection of all microorganisms associated w a place

A

Microbiome

201
Q

20,000 genes

A

Human genome has how many genes

202
Q

3 million genes

A

Human microbiome has how many genes

203
Q

Conditions

A

What dictates the kind of microbes that predominate

204
Q

Skin is desiccating, salty, acidic, inhospitable

A

Skin microenvironments characteristics

205
Q

Higher moisture

A

Colonization occurs mostly in areas with

206
Q

Gram positive and desiccation resistant

A

Most skin-colonizing bacteria are:

207
Q

Firmicutes (Staph, strep (boils)) and Actinobacteria (Propionbacterium acnes)

A

Skin pathogens

208
Q

Dental plaque

A

As food/saliva passes our teeth, there is selective pressure for organisms to form a biofilm on tooth surfaces

209
Q

Streptococcus spp and others produce polysaccharide capsulre

A

What forms as part of matrix of dental plaque

210
Q

Hedgehog structure

A

Structure of dental plaque

211
Q

Produce acid from sugars

A

Lactic acid bacteria and others

212
Q

5.3

A

Critical pH for enamel dissolution is

213
Q

Low pH, sparse colonization

A

Upper GI tract

214
Q

specialized fermentation vessel

A

Large intestine

215
Q

Nearly sterile

A

Low pH, stomach was considered

216
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Motile spiral bacteria isolated from epithelium of gastric ulcers

217
Q

Campylobacter

A

Helicobacter pylori somewhat related to …, which caused gastroenteritis

218
Q

Responsible for most gastric ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori responsible for

219
Q

Resistance, especially from pharma

A

Helicobacter pylori met with considerable

220
Q

Infected w Helicobacter

A

Nearly all mammals w acid stomachs

221
Q

Modulate (educate) the immune resposne

A

H pylori helps…

222
Q

Due to antibiotic use

A

> 10% western children are infected w H. pylori

223
Q

peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

Consequences of no H. pylori

224
Q

Overly sanitized world, exposd to many fewer microbes, wiping out important parts of our mictobiota when we take antibiotics, used to have helicobacter/parasites/worms and tuned to them, absence of these led to immune disfunction, people have tried to infect themselves w hookworms to overcome immune problems

A

Hygeine hypothesis

225
Q

Holding/dewatering tank

A

Large intestine was considered a … for undigested food

226
Q

Complex/dynamic anaerobic microbial ecosystem

A

Large intestine now considered

227
Q

Fermented to volatile fatty acids -> absorbed by bloodstream -> used as carbon/energy source by host

A

What happens to food in the large intestine

228
Q

Hunter-gatherer’s nutrition

A

Fermentation supplied a significan fraction of…

229
Q

Discourage colonization/overgrowth of pathogens, provide 10-15% calories from food (especially access to complex fatty acids), produce vitamins, help educate immune system and trigger maturation of gut, microbial metabolic byproduct modulate inflammatory response, impacts on conditions

A

Benefits of healthy gut microbiome

230
Q

First contacts with mom, then environment

A

Where do we get out gut microbes?

231
Q

Assembly influenced by diet (formula vs. breastmilk), altered by antibiotics, early conditions influence adult microbiota, genetics not so important

A

Community changes

232
Q

Fetus is sterile -> first exposure during birth, mother’s milk/other environmental sources seed the GI tract and all external sites of body, community shaped by diet, environment, and genetic factors

A

Colonization factors

233
Q

Inoculum

A

Colonized with… by our mothers

234
Q

Bifidobacterium

A

Actinobacterium with a metabolism similar to LAB

235
Q

Desirable probiotic organism

A

Bifidobacterium is considered a

236
Q

Termination

A

What of breast feeding leads to more adult-like microbiota

237
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Honey contains what spors that can colonize an immature GI tract

238
Q

Probiotics

A

Live microbes consumed to provide a health benefit by altering gut function

239
Q

Prebiotics

A

Foods/supplements that alter gut community function

240
Q

Drug development, customized medicine

A

Microbial enzymes interact w drugs, alter their efficiacy and can alter severity of side effects, could be tailed to microbiome

241
Q

Fungal infections

A

Athlete’s foot and jock itch are what type of infections

242
Q

Eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Fungi is what type of microorganism

243
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Fungi have positive/detrimental impacts on human life, 2. Fungi have unique life cycles involving asexual/sexual reproduction, 3. Inhibiting fungal infections involves inhibiting cell wall synthesis and opening transmembrane channels in cell walls
244
Q

Tinea cruris

A

Jock itch scientific name

245
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Athlete’s food scientific name

246
Q

Eukaryotes, achlorophyllous, have filamentous somatic structures, produce spores, live by absorptive nutrition, sexual/asexual reproduction

A

Fungal characteristics

247
Q

Economically significant, human disease, ecosystem services

A

Why is fungi important to us

248
Q

Mycoses

A

Mucormycosis occurs in immunocompromised patients

249
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Plant pathogenis fungus that makes neurotoxins

250
Q

Life cycle stage

A

Structures reflect

251
Q

Somatic (growing) structures filamentous

A

How do the structures grow?

252
Q

Thick capsules

A

What do they have outside of cell walls

253
Q

Extra cellular digestion

A

Obtain nutrients and energy by

254
Q

Absorptive nutrition

A

Mechanism to obtain energy/nutrients

255
Q

Digestive enzymes excreted into a substrate, degrade substrate

A

What happens during absorptive nutrition

256
Q

Absorbed through cell walls

A

During absorptive nutrition, the smaller molecules are

257
Q

Aspergillus sp.

A

Asexual spores (Conidia)

258
Q

Ringworm

A

Causes Jock Itch and Athlete’s foot

259
Q

Candidia albicans

A

Oral and vaginal infections

260
Q

Invasive

A

Candidia albicans can form a … infection

261
Q

Secreted enzymes used to absorb nutrients

A

Virulence factors of Candidia albicans

262
Q

Because these are eukaryotes, antibiotics used for bacteria is ineffective

A

Treatment of fungal infections

263
Q

Cell wall components unique to fungi (Echinocandins, Azoles, Amphotericin B)

A

Treatments target what

264
Q

Debridement (removal by surgery)

A

Severe invasive fungal infections require

265
Q

Aspergillosis

A

Inhalation of common mold

266
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Inhalation of Cryptococcus neoformans spores

267
Q

Mucormycosis

A

Inhlation of common bread mold spores

268
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Fungi have significant economic, ecological/human health importance, 2. Fungi have unique cell walls mechanisms for nutrituon/generating enrgy and undergo a/sexual life cycle stages, 3. Fungi ar sometimes commensal but can cause infections which are trated by targeting cell wall components
269
Q

Aquatic microorganisms

A

Swimming pools re engineered habitats for

270
Q

Pathogens and non-pathogens

A

Bacteria inhabiting them include

271
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Human pathogens can exist in swimming pools but most killed by sanitation, 2. Microbial communities are structured by their habitat, 3. Microorganisms can be introduced from external sources and be maintained in refugia
272
Q

Count by plating

A

How to count bacteria

273
Q

Not everything grows on solid media, diff bacteria require diff growth media, some bacteria like to remain rare

A

Problems with plating bacteria

274
Q

Bacteria too small for light microscopy/easily confused

A

Problems with microscopy

275
Q

Fluorescent stains

A

Combined with what type of stains to allow you to count cells

276
Q

Autofluorescence (unstained)

A

Natural pigments (ex. Phycobilins in cyanobacteria)

277
Q

DAPI & Acridine Orange

A

DNA Stain

278
Q

SYBR Green I / SYBR Gold

A

Used in bacterial and viral counts

279
Q

More organic matter = more bacteria

A

Bacteria grow where there is food

280
Q

Survive sanitation of municipal water, evolve to tolerate sanitation procedures (chlorine), come from bathers

A

Why is there still bacteria in pool water

281
Q

Gram positive, firmicute, facultative aerobe, no spores, part of skin microbiom, cause infection when skin layers breached

A

Staphylococcus aureus

282
Q

Coagulase, several exotoxins, evades host immune system

A

Causes pathology through virulence factors

283
Q

Lots of potential for fecal bacteria to enter swimming pools

A

Enterococcus faecalis

284
Q

Resistant

A

Biofilms are somewhat … to chemicals

285
Q

Form a matrix which can be impenetrable

A

Why are they somewhat resistant

286
Q

M. tuberculosis, actinobacteria, gram positive (no stain tho bc too waxy), difficult to treat, asymptomatic infection in large %

A

Mycobacteria

287
Q

Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NMTs)

A

What can also cause human disease

288
Q

Leprosy

A

Many species of NMTs can cause

289
Q

Forms strong biofilms that are difficult to penetrate w antibiotics

A

Mycobacteria forms…

290
Q

Bacterium that infects skin and nerves

A

M. leprae (leprosy/hansens’ disease)

291
Q

Cooler temperatures

A

Conditions for M. leprae

292
Q

Caused inflammatory response -> turns tissue necrosis/death

A

Infection of M. leprae

293
Q

Detected in swimming pool/spa waters, highest in whirlpool

A

Mycobacteria found a lot in

294
Q

Skimmers remove floating materials, main drain removes sinking material, water filtered to remove cells/debris

A

Swimming pool filtration

295
Q

Membrane filters remove debris/cells by passing water through cartridge

A

Pool filters

296
Q

Produces enzyms to kill pathogens (helps purify water)

A

Sand filtration

297
Q

Bacterial biofilm on surface of sand

A

Schmutzdecke

298
Q

High salinity kills pathogens, can make pathogens less stable

A

Why saltwater pools don’t have much bacteria

299
Q

Reductive dechlorination

A

Can use chlorine as an electron acceptor (some bacteria can eat)

300
Q

MOST IMPORTANT

A
  1. Types of bacteria that thrive form spores or form biofilms (both resistant to chlorine), 2. Some bacteria may use chlorine in respiration as electron acceptor, 3. Bacteria in biofilms (pipes/surfaces) ma seed bacteria into overlying waters representing refugia, 4. Some bacteria may be pathogens
301
Q

Preserve

A

Ice on skating rinks does what to bacteria

302
Q

Accidental ingestion of ice/contact between ice and skin can cause infection by common commensal bacteria

A

Why would this be a problem?

303
Q

Live/grow at temperature >-24C

A

Psychophilic bacteria

304
Q

Live/grow at temperature >-20C

A

Extremophiles

305
Q

Bind ice crystal

A

Proteins do what to prevent freezing of cell contents

biomi 1100 (1 decks)

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