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BIOEE 1780 > PRELIM 1 > Flashcards

PRELIM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lagerstätten

A

storage - place
- fossil sites where there is exceptional preservation; numerous + well preserved fossils

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2
Q

Burgess Shale

A
  • famous Lagerstatten from the Cambrian
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3
Q

Absolute dating

A

radioactive decay to get age:
- after 1 half-life; 50 % daughter, 50% parent
- 2 half-life: 75% daughter, 25% parent
-3 : 87.5 daughter, 12.5 parent

*can only date igneous rock b/c daughter isotope is at 0% in molten rock

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4
Q

Relative dating

A

dating a layer relative to other dates

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5
Q

Geological time scale

A
  • age of earth: 4.6 bya
  • 1st life: 3.7 bya
  • Cambrian explosion : 540 mya
  • End of paleozoic: 250 mya
  • end of mesozoic/start cenozoic: 65 mya
  • anthropocene: 10 kya

dates found w radioacarbon dating

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6
Q

Superposition

A

the youngest layers are the ones laying on top

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7
Q

Lateral continuity

A

layers continue laterally over distances
- each layer is deposited at the same time & is the same layer even if eroded

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8
Q

Original horizontality

A

layers are deposited horizontally and maybe be deformed later
- movement of continental plates
- layers that are vertical/non-horizontal were originally horizontal

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9
Q

Cross-cutting

A

geological layers/ intrusions that cut across other layers are younger than layers that its crossing

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10
Q

Index fossils

A
  • fossils in a distinct rock layer/short lived
  • geographically widespread to help identify layers in different locations

can be used for stratigraphic correlation

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11
Q

Carbon dating

A

effective range 100 - 100k

5,730 yr half-life

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12
Q

Uranium lead dating

A
  • effective dating range 10 million - 4.6 billion?
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13
Q

K- Ar dating

A

half life 1.3 billion yrs

  • effective for 100k - 4.6 billion years
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14
Q

Precambrian & phenazoic era

A
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15
Q

Phanerozoic

A

all of the eras starting from the cambrian on

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16
Q

Fossils

A

remains, traces, impressions of once living organisms

most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks

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17
Q

Conditions that impede fossilization

A
  • predators and scavengers
  • bacterial decay
  • dissolution in water
  • physical disturbance
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18
Q

Conditions that promote fossilization

A
  • rapid burial:
  • protection from physical disturbance
  • anaerobic environments
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19
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

formed from deposition of sediments falling to the bottom of body of water

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20
Q

what gets preserved

A
  • teeth, bone, and chitinous exoskeletons or calcium carbonate shells
  • plants: seeds, pollen, leaves, wood, rarely flowers
  • bacteria, microbial mats; stromatolites formed from biofilms of cyanobacteria that trap sediment
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21
Q

types of preservation

A
  • skeletal + other body elements are the most informative
  • per mineralization/petrification: minerals are deposited in tiny holes within bones or wood, replacing organism and making stone structure
  • impression fossils: made from a carbonaceous film imprint
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22
Q

phylogeny

A

cladogram: shows branching order and topology only
phylogram: branch lengths reflect the amount of evolutionary change
chronogram: cladogram where branch lengths are calibrated to real time

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23
Q

monophyletic

A

a clade: organism and all its descendants

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24
Q

clade

A

an organism and all its descendants

  • most recent common ancestor to all the taxa
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25
Q

paraphyletic

A

an ancestor and a group of taxa but not all of its descendants are included

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26
Q

outgroup

A

has no shared traits with other taxa - represents the ancestral state

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27
Q

character state (ancestral, derived)

A

ancestral state:

derived state:

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28
Q

homoplasy

A

when similar characteristics are not due to common ancestry

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29
Q

convergent evolution

A

contribute to homoplasy

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30
Q

evolutionary reversal

A

DNA reversal? that contribute to homoplasy

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31
Q

vestigial

A
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32
Q

molecular clocks ?

A
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33
Q

index case

A

transmits the disease to a few other recipients

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34
Q

LUCA traits

A
  • dna/rna
  • mechanism to replicate dna
  • shared biochem pathways / ATP
  • codons for amino acids
  • plasma membrane
  • unicellular
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35
Q

Viruses

A
  • no membrane bound nucleus
  • lack mitochondria
  • parasites
  • lack ATP and molecular machinery for replication
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36
Q

model organisms

A
  • e. coli
  • arabidopsis thaliana
  • saccharomyces cerevisae
  • drosophila melanogaster
  • mus musculus/ mice
  • c. elegans
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37
Q

prokaryotes

A

unicellular, bacteria + archaea. not a monophyly

  • reproduce by binary fission not mitosis
  • capable of forming biofilms

Examples: staphylococcus, bacillus anthrax, cyanobacteria, ( lyme disease, chlamydia), e. coli, yersinia pests, vibrio cholerae, salmonella, archaea, halophile archaea

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38
Q

archaea

A
  • no membrane bound nucleus or organelles
  • ether linked lipids in membrane
  • no peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • extremophiles: ex, methanogen found in deep sea hypothermal vents
  • halophiles
39
Q

stromatolites

A

rocks that formed from biofilms of cyanobacteria trapping layers of sediment
- oldest stromatolites found in Greenland, dated 3.7 by a

40
Q

eukarya

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • all eukarya have mitochondria
41
Q

proteobacteria organisms

A

e. coli, vibrio cholera, salmonella, yersinia pestis(bubonic plague)

  • mitochondria via endosymbiosis
42
Q

bacteria

A
  • peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • gram positive have more peptidoglycan
  • gram neg. less
43
Q

binary fission

A

DNA is replicated and parent cell is divided into two identical daughter cells.

44
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

exchange of genetic material between prokaryotes without reproduction

example: bacterial strain can transfer antibiotic resistance to other strains to fight a medicine

45
Q

cocci
bacilli
spirilla

A

round, spherical
rod shaped bacteria
- bacillus anthracis
spiral, filaments that run along long axis
- ex; lyme disease, syphilis

46
Q

cyanobacteria

A

photoautotroph - photosynthesize to make glucose
- were absorbed by endosymbiosis: chloroplast

47
Q

spirochetes
chlamydia

A

sister taxa

  • spiral shaped, Lyme Disease (?)
  • chalmydia = STD, obligate parasites
48
Q

eukaryote evolution

A
  • loss of firm cell wall/flexible membrane for larger cells
  • infolding to inc SA:V
  • cytoskeleton - microtubules
  • internal membranes with ribosomes
  • infolding also = creation of nucleus
  • flagellum
  • mitochondria & chloroplasts
49
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

incomplete phagocytosis of a bacterium
- primary = phagocytosis of cyanobacteria/proteobacteria

  • endosymbionts for mutualistic relationship w host
50
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • synapomorphy for all plants
    • green algae, red algae, glaucophytes,
      land plants

some eukaryotes absorbed another one that had a chloroplast; secondary endosymbiosis

  • single event of primary endosymbiosis is the synapomorphy for plants
51
Q

Euglenids

A
  • secondary endosymbiosis of green algae
  • “protist”
52
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis of red algae?

A

ancestor of stramenophile and ciliates

53
Q

dinoflagellates

A

tertiary endosymbiosis of a ‘protist’ that had secondary endosymbiosis

54
Q

“protists”

A
  • not a monophyly
  • Eukarya that aren’t animal, fungi, plants
  • alveolates, stramenopiles, excavates, amoebozoans, opistokonts
55
Q

Alveolates

A

dinoflagellates, ciliates, paramecium, plasmodium (carries malaria)

  • unicellular with sacs (alveoli) beneath cell membrane
  • secondary endosymbiosis; red algae
56
Q

ciliates

A

alveolates, paramecium

  • unicellular
  • covered in cilia aka short flagella to move
57
Q

dinoflagellates

A

alveolates

  • 2 flagella; equatorial and longitudinal groove
  • tertiary endosymbiosis
  • are endosymbionts of coral (coral = quaternary endosymbiosis)
  • source of red tide blooms
  • flow-agitated bioluminescence
58
Q

plasmodium

A

alveolate, malaria

  • unicellular parasites
  • vestigial chloroplasts
  • complex of proteins at apical prominence used to attach and penetrate host
59
Q

stramenopile

A
  • 2 unequal flagella; one has tubular hairs
  • brown algae, diatoms
  • secondary endosymbiosis of red algae
60
Q

brown algae

A

stramenopiles

  • large multicellular
  • secondary endosymbiosis of red algae
61
Q

diatoms

A

stramenopiles

  • secondary endosymbiosis of red algae
  • unicellular
  • secondarily lost double flagella
    deposit silica in their cell membranes
62
Q

excavates

A

euglenids, Giardia, Trypanosoma

  • reduced or lost mitochondria
63
Q

giardia

A

excavates

  • intestinal parasite
  • degenerate mitochondria; energy from host
64
Q

euglenids

A

excavate

  • mitochondria and a single flagellum
  • chloroplast through secondary of green algae
65
Q

trypanosoma

A

excavate

  • free living/parasite
  • single/large mitochondria
  • sleeping sickness, chagas disease, leishmaniasis
66
Q

amoebazoans

A

amoeba, slime molds

  • lobe-shaped pseudopods
  • move via cytoplasmic streaming
  • unicellular
67
Q

mitochondria

A
  • double membrane; original from proteobacteria, second from invagination
  • own circular DNA
68
Q

glaucophytes

A

retain peptidoglycan in cell wall of chloroplasts from initial cyanobacteria

  • unicellular
  • reproduce asexually
69
Q

red algae

A

uni or multicellular

  • photosynthesize short wavelength/red pigment
  • chlorophyll a
  • lack peptidoglycan
70
Q

green plants

A

“green algae” + land plants

  • chlorophyll b and starch
  • chlorophyll b = more range of wavelengths to be able to absorbed
71
Q

“green algae”

A

sister to land plants

72
Q

land plants

A

protected embryos and waxy cuticle

73
Q

alternation of generations

A

occurs in all land plants

  • sporophyte = diploid; gametophyte = haploid

diploid zygote –> multicell. diploid sporophyte –(meiosis)–> haploid spores –> multicell. haploid gametophyte –> mature to haploid gametes = sperm & egg
- two haploid gametes fuse through fertilization to produce diploid zygote again

74
Q

non-vascular plants

A

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

dominant gametophyte generation

sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

75
Q

moss/non-vascular life-cycle

A

dom. generation = gametophyte

sperm reaches female gamete by swimming in water

zygote –> diploid sporophyte (sporophyte nutritionally dependent) –> produces spores –> spores dispersed by wind

76
Q

vascular plants

A

fern + lycophytes + seed plants

sporophytes (diploid) dominant

vascular tissue: xylem + phloem

77
Q

seed plants

A

gymno- + angiosperms

in angiosperms; seed is surrounded by an ovary that ripens into fruit

78
Q

seed plant life-cycle

A

female spore –> female gametophyte which produces egg –> structure w/ egg + fem. gametophyte = ovule

ovule attached to sporophyte cone

male spores –> male gametophyte = pollen grain–> pollen tube to deliver sperm to egg

fertilization happens inside ovule

79
Q

fertilization/angiosperms

A

fertilize ovules inside ovaries

  • male gametophyte grows pollen tube to reach the egg inside ovule inside ovary; seeds are enclosed and mature inside ovary
80
Q

double fertilization

A
  • one sperm fertilizes the egg
  • second sperm fuses w two nuclei to form endosperm tissue that feeds nutrition
81
Q

challenges faced by land transition

A
  • desiccation = cuticle
  • physical support
    -mvt of fluids/nutrients = vascular tissue
  • protection of gametes/embryo = seed
  • inc uv radiation = chlorophyll b
82
Q

opisthokonts

A

fungi, choanaflagellates, and animals united by single posterior flagellum

83
Q

MRCA fungi & animals

A

was unicellular and had a single posterior flagellum
- present groups have lost flagellum or its only present in certain stages (e.g sperm and chytrid fungal spore)

84
Q

fungi

A

synapomorphy = chitin in cell wall and absorptive heterotrophy
- hyphae (mass of hyphae = mycelium) from fungus body and allows organic material/organelle exchange

carry out external digestion

85
Q

absorptive heterotrophy

A

secrete enzyme which digest organism materials and nutrients can be absorbed into hyphae

  • saprophages = feed on dead matter (decomposer)
  • others may be parasitic
86
Q

microsporidia

A
  • reduced mitochondria, polar tube
  • small, unicellular parasites, infect via polar tube
  • pathogens
87
Q

“chytrids”

A
  • flagellated gametes used to swim in water
  • amphibian killer fungus
  • saprobic
88
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A
  • form mycorrhizae with plants
  • mutualistic. relationship; fungus get photosynthate and plant gets inc. surface area for soil nutrient acquisition
89
Q

dikarya

A

ascomyota and basidiomycota
fungi and club fungi

  • unique stage in sexual reproduction and they have septate hyphae
  • part of its life-cycle has 2+ nuclei; genetic distinction between 2+ mating types (?)
  • hyphae divided into compartments by the septa meaning they can control cytoplasm, organelle, and nutrient movement
90
Q

ascomycota

A
  • produce spores in the ascus
  • sac or cup fungi

spores released from the ascus as the tip of the ascus bursts under pressure

morels, truffles, yeasts, molds and lichens

91
Q

yeasts

A

important taxa: saccharmoyces cerevisae = model organism; brewer’s yeast

92
Q

lichens

A

symbiont with a fungus + green algae +/or cyanobacterium living together

93
Q

basidiomycota

A

spores produced externally on a basidium
- this looks like a club = club fungi
- spores are released passively by falling off

rusts, smuts, mushrooms, brackets

rusts and smuts = pathogens of plants
brackets = on sides of live or dead trees

BIOEE 1780 (2 decks)

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