Prejudice - Bigotry and Tolerance Flashcards
Definition of prejudice (Gordon Allport)
‘Thinking ill of others without warrant’
Believed that religion and prejudice was paradoxical and religion both makes and unmakes prejudice
Batson et al (1993)
Found a positive relationship between measures of prejudice and measures of religiosity. In a meta-analysis of 23 studies, 19 found a positive relationship, 3 found no relationship and 1 found negative relationship.
Struening (1957)
Those who attend church but not frequently tend to have more prejudice, but the more you attend church prejudice goes down.
Allport and Ross (1967)
Theorised intrinsic and extrinsic religion. Theorised it was bipolar (you have either one or the other)
Intrinsic religion definition
Mature
Relates to all of life
Unprejudiced, tolerance
Integrative; unifying meaning endowing
Regular Church attendance
Makes for mental health
Extrinsic religion definition
Immature
Compartmentalised
Prejudiced, exclusionary
Instrumental; utilitarian; self-serving
Irregular Church attendance
Defence or escape mechanism
What combination of extrinsic and intrinsic religion leads to high prejudice?
High in both extrinsic and intrinsic and high extrinsic-low intrinsic
What combination of extrinsic and intrinsic religion leads to low prejudice?
Low extrinsic and high intrinsic
Criticism of intrinsic and extrinsic religion
- Conceptual ‘fuzziness’
- Social desirability
- Psychometric properties
- Measures of prejudice
Batson et al (1993) intrinsic and extrinsic religion
Believed complexity, doubt and incompleteness was missing from Allport’s theory. Called the version that included these things ‘Quest’
Quest definition
- As I grow and change, I expect my religion to grow and change.
- I am continually questioning my religious beliefs.
- I have been driven to ask religious questions out of a growing awareness of the tensions in my world and in my relation to the world.
Religious fundamentalism (Altemeyer and Hunsberger, 1992)
“The belief that there is one set of religious teachings that clearly contains the fundamental, basic, intrinsic, essential inerrant truth about humanity and deity…”
Low Quest
Hunsberger and Jackson (2003)
Fundamentalism strongly correlated with all types of prejudice.
Intrinsic religion correlated with gay/lesbian prejudice and weakly with racial prejudice.
Extrinsic religion strongly correlated with racial and gay/lesbian prejudice.
Quest only showed weak correlation with racial, gay/lesbian and authoritarianism prejudice.
Leak and Finke (2010)
Religious Fundamentalism associated with all types of prejudice (i.e. racial, anti—muslim
etc,) but especially sexual prejudice
Yilmaz et al (2016)
Analytical thinking can prevent prejudice
Etengoff et al (2021)
Individual differences in conservatism, authoritarianism mediate the relationship between religion and prejudice
Saroglou (2002)
Correlation between religiosity and agreeableness and spirituality and openness
Darley and Batson (1973)
Did a Good Samaritan Study similar to the parable with a confederate needing help, all participants study theology. 40% of participants offered to help the person and religious orientation did not predict helping, biggest predictor was whether you were in a rush. There were different helping styles, those with high religiosity didn’t listen to what help they needed. Those high on quest listened to the needs.
Batson et al (1999) - Study
Participants could allocate a boring task to one of three groups that would make them miss an event
1. Gay + visit grandparents
2. Not gay + visit grandparents
3. Gay + Gay pride rally
Batson et al (1999) - Findings
Those who were high intrinsic were less likely to help group 1 and 3, and those with low intrinsic have less help to group 3. This was called circumscribed compassion.
Those with high quest gave equal help; to all three groups and those with low quest gave less help for group 3. This was called universal compassion.
Batson et al (2001) - Study
Focused on Quest. Again allocated task to one of three groups
1. Not intolerant + visit grandparents
2. Intolerant + visit grandparents
3. Intolerant + Anti-gay rally
Batson et al (2001) - Findings
Those with high quest gave equal help to group 1 and group 2, and less help to group 3. Those with low quest were less likely to help group 2 and group 3.
Goldfried and Miner (2002)
Religious fundamentalism as real value threat to Questers
Tsang et al (2021)
Religiousness associated with helping, but often favours in-groups over out-groups.
