Prejudice - Bigotry and Tolerance

Question 1

Definition of prejudice (Gordon Allport)

Answer 1

‘Thinking ill of others without warrant’

Believed that religion and prejudice was paradoxical and religion both makes and unmakes prejudice

Question 2

Batson et al (1993)

Answer 2

Found a positive relationship between measures of prejudice and measures of religiosity. In a meta-analysis of 23 studies, 19 found a positive relationship, 3 found no relationship and 1 found negative relationship.

Question 3

Struening (1957)

Answer 3

Those who attend church but not frequently tend to have more prejudice, but the more you attend church prejudice goes down.

Question 4

Allport and Ross (1967)

Answer 4

Theorised intrinsic and extrinsic religion. Theorised it was bipolar (you have either one or the other)

Question 5

Intrinsic religion definition

Answer 5

Mature
Relates to all of life
Unprejudiced, tolerance
Integrative; unifying meaning endowing
Regular Church attendance
Makes for mental health

Question 6

Extrinsic religion definition

Answer 6

Immature
Compartmentalised
Prejudiced, exclusionary
Instrumental; utilitarian; self-serving
Irregular Church attendance
Defence or escape mechanism

Question 7

What combination of extrinsic and intrinsic religion leads to high prejudice?

Answer 7

High in both extrinsic and intrinsic and high extrinsic-low intrinsic

Question 8

What combination of extrinsic and intrinsic religion leads to low prejudice?

Answer 8

Low extrinsic and high intrinsic

Question 9

Criticism of intrinsic and extrinsic religion

Answer 9

• Conceptual ‘fuzziness’
• Social desirability
• Psychometric properties
• Measures of prejudice

Question 10

Batson et al (1993) intrinsic and extrinsic religion

Answer 10

Believed complexity, doubt and incompleteness was missing from Allport’s theory. Called the version that included these things ‘Quest’

Question 11

Quest definition

Answer 11

• As I grow and change, I expect my religion to grow and change.
• I am continually questioning my religious beliefs.
• I have been driven to ask religious questions out of a growing awareness of the tensions in my world and in my relation to the world.

Question 12

Religious fundamentalism (Altemeyer and Hunsberger, 1992)

Answer 12

“The belief that there is one set of religious teachings that clearly contains the fundamental, basic, intrinsic, essential inerrant truth about humanity and deity…”

Low Quest

Question 13

Hunsberger and Jackson (2003)

Answer 13

Fundamentalism strongly correlated with all types of prejudice.

Intrinsic religion correlated with gay/lesbian prejudice and weakly with racial prejudice.

Extrinsic religion strongly correlated with racial and gay/lesbian prejudice.

Quest only showed weak correlation with racial, gay/lesbian and authoritarianism prejudice.

Question 14

Leak and Finke (2010)

Answer 14

Religious Fundamentalism associated with all types of prejudice (i.e. racial, anti—muslim
etc,) but especially sexual prejudice

Question 15

Yilmaz et al (2016)

Answer 15

Analytical thinking can prevent prejudice

Question 16

Etengoff et al (2021)

Answer 16

Individual differences in conservatism, authoritarianism mediate the relationship between religion and prejudice

Question 17

Saroglou (2002)

Answer 17

Correlation between religiosity and agreeableness and spirituality and openness

Question 18

Darley and Batson (1973)

Answer 18

Did a Good Samaritan Study similar to the parable with a confederate needing help, all participants study theology. 40% of participants offered to help the person and religious orientation did not predict helping, biggest predictor was whether you were in a rush. There were different helping styles, those with high religiosity didn’t listen to what help they needed. Those high on quest listened to the needs.

Question 19

Batson et al (1999) - Study

Answer 19

Participants could allocate a boring task to one of three groups that would make them miss an event
1. Gay + visit grandparents
2. Not gay + visit grandparents
3. Gay + Gay pride rally

Question 20

Batson et al (1999) - Findings

Answer 20

Those who were high intrinsic were less likely to help group 1 and 3, and those with low intrinsic have less help to group 3. This was called circumscribed compassion.
Those with high quest gave equal help; to all three groups and those with low quest gave less help for group 3. This was called universal compassion.

Question 21

Batson et al (2001) - Study

Answer 21

Focused on Quest. Again allocated task to one of three groups
1. Not intolerant + visit grandparents
2. Intolerant + visit grandparents
3. Intolerant + Anti-gay rally

Question 22

Batson et al (2001) - Findings

Answer 22

Those with high quest gave equal help to group 1 and group 2, and less help to group 3. Those with low quest were less likely to help group 2 and group 3.

Question 23

Goldfried and Miner (2002)

Answer 23

Religious fundamentalism as real value threat to Questers

Question 24

Tsang et al (2021)

Answer 24

Religiousness associated with helping, but often favours in-groups over out-groups.