Prejudice Flashcards
What is prejudice?
The tendency to judge a person based on their particular cultural, ethnic, or religious characteristics
Components of prejudice?
- Cognitive
- What we believe is true - stereotype
- Affective
- How we feel about target groups
- Behavioural
- How we behave towards them, what do we do
How can we measure prejudice?
- Questionnaires
- Bogus pipeline (‘lie detector’)
- Implicit methods (honking study)
- Physiological measures
- Pupillometrics
What are some issues of measures for prejudice?
Stereotyping in modern, multicultural, societies is more taboo, hence hard to measure
Early study of prejudice?
Katz and Braly, 1933
- Ask people what they think they know about different groups
- People could give answers with high level of consensuality even though very little/no direct contact with groups
- Shared knowledge
Razran 1950 study?
- Showed men pictures of girls with Irish, Italian, or Jewish names
- Jewish names judged to be more intelligent but less nice
Categories are built around…
social, ethnic, and religious groups
Gordon, Allport, and Postman study?
- Picture of subway car, black and white man having an altercation
- Most american students say black person is aggressor
Duncan 1976 study?
- Showed students short video where Black/White students doing something physical, not clear what nature of the interaction was
- Higher proportion of students saw action as aggressive when black student shoves white student, low proportion saw action as aggressive when white student shoes black student
- Higher proportion (~40%) of students saw it as playful when white shoves black student rather than when black shoves white student
What is illusory correlation?
Bias to overestimate link between minority groups and negative/unique
What was done in Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment?
- 22 boys, 11-12 years
- Divided into 2 groups: Eagles and Rattlers
- Stage 2: produced friction through competition -> intergroup conflict
- Stage 3: integration - given a task in which two groups have to cooperate
- In group bias reduced, but not erased
Gilovich study of counterfactual thinking?
- Analysed the nonverbal behaviour of sportsmen who won first, second, and third places in various sports contests (including Olympics) from video tapes
- Gold - unambiguously happy; bronze - mostly happy
- Silver not overall more happy than bronze winner, much more sadness
- Not consistent with actual achievement - result of counterfactual thinking
Hess, 1975 study on pupil dilation?
- Image projected of different pictures, in a chamber with light level held constant
- Measure changes in pupil
- Different dilations for different genders
- Baby - greater dilation in women
- Naked men -> greater arousal in women, vice versa
What is the Ellsworth et al. drivers study?
- Done at red light
- Student on footpath selectively stared or did not stare at driver of the car
- DV: how fast the driver took off
- Stared at - took off much fast
- Staring is a challenge signal, evokes fight or flight
Argyle and Dean’s Intimacy/equilibrium Model?
- Purpose of eye contact is to maintain a level of interpersonal engagement/intimacy
- We maintain the right level of intimacy for a given encounter
- Increased distance lead to increased eye contact, and vice versa
- Generally female subjects make more eye eye contact; subjects make more eye contact with someone of the same gender
