Prejudice Flashcards
What is prejudice?
Negative attitude towards a social group and individuals that make up that group.
What are the types of attitude?
Positive, negative, ambivalent and neutral
REFRESHMENT: what is the ABC of attitude source?
Affective, behavioral and cognitive
What does behavioral negative attitude translates to?
Discrimination, an unjustified negative behaviour towards a group or its members.
What is the difference between discrimination and prejudice?
Discrimination is the behaviour, prejudice is just the attitude.
What does a negative cognitive attitude translate into?
Stereotypes, how we think about how a whole group of people and what we think they’re capable of or like, based on what we assume their cognitive abilities are.
How does one measure prejudice?
Through IAT, implicit association task, a test that entails categorizing faces or worda into groups and looking into the reaction time. People tend to be slower when, for example, black and good are in the same category.
What did Payne find in 2001?
They showed that people were more likely to associate violent imagery with black faces. People were quicker to assume, falsely or not, that black men were holding guns. Did two types.
What is the hypothesis behind IAT?
The more fluent a paradigm is, the more likely you are to believe in it as the cognitive dissonance would be lower.
What study did Liebenow et al. did?
They did IAT with men and woman and agentic and communal words. Looked into the different reaction time between transgender faces and cisgender faces. They did 3 experiments with IATs.
What did Liebenow et al. find?
They found that people took significantly longer to classify transgender people (having cognitive dissonance), but they were still doing it correctly. People were overcorrecting for trans people. The more explicit prejudiced, the slower the reaction time
What are the sources of prejudice?
Social (role congruity theory)
Motivational (scapegoat theory, rgc theory, social identity theory)
Cognitive (out group homogeneity effect, own race bias, group-serving bias, just-world phenomenon)
What are ways that social source of prejudice is measured?
SDO: Social dominance orientation (do you believe some groups deserve to be on top)
RWA: right-wing authoritarianism (individual beliefs about authoritarianism)
Religious fundamentalism
What is the role congruity theory?
Theory that people in a certain groups are expected to be a certain way, and when they don’t, we tend to negative evaluate them or respond to them. Expectations x reality. Cognitive dissonance!
What is the scapegoat theory?
The tendency to unfairly blame a person or a social group for one’s own shortcomings or problems. Defense mechanism to avoid responsibility.
What is the realistic group conflict theory?
When two groups are competing for the same resources, there’s a high likelihood of them coming into conflict with each other.
What is the social identity theory?
Root of ingroup, out group. The part of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships.
What are cognitive sources of prejudice?
Times where prejudice comes up and we don’t even realize. When we’re pressed for time, preoccupied, tired or emotionally aroused, there might be automatic or spontaneous stereotype activation. Because the mind doesn’t have the cognitive effort to override the schema.
What is outgroup homogeneity effect? What is the own race bias?
The own race bias is the tendency to accurately recognize faces of one’s own race, show of the outgroup homogeneity effect.
What is the ultimate attribution error/ group-serving bias?
FAE to in group. Explaining away negative behaviour for your in group, explaining away positive behaviour for the out group.
What is the just-world phenomenon?
Tendency to believe that the world is just the way, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
What are the consequences of prejudice?
Internalization of stereotypes
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Stereotype threat
Mental health consequences.
What is stereotype threat?
When you do worse at a task due to someone reminding you of a negative stereotype e.g. women in STEM
What is Clark & Clark study about in 1947?
They presented kids with two dolls, one black and white, and presented them with a bunch of questions to gauge if kids comprehend race, racial bias and if they have internalized racism. Almost all children had internalized racism. They were too young to understand race but still responded this way due to media influence.
What creates conflict?
Social dilemma: conflict which the most beneficial action for an individual will have a harmful effect on everyone
Social trap: situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behaviour
What is the prisoner’s dilemma/tragedy of the commons?
In pursuit of your own good, you screw over everybody. The choice which seems best from an individual player will not lead to the best outcome if both players choose it. E.g. confessing to get less jail time.
What are the four Cs for peacemaking?
Contact
Cooperation
Communication
Conciliation
What is the contact hypothesis? When does it not work? When does it work best?
Increased contact increases likability and positive attitudes about others and decreases prejudicial attitudes towards out-group members. When stereotypes are resistant to change, when people don’t want to interact with the out-group and when there’s self-segregation.
Both groups have equal status and when there’s friendships.
What can increased contact cause?
Reduce anxiety
Increase empathy
Humanize others
Decrease perceived threats
What is superordinate goals?
Shared goals that necessitate cooperative effort.
What does increased communication cause?
Expedite conflict resolution
Relieves stress/anxiety
Find solutions
What is Stern and Rule’s research about?
The way physical androgyny in trans people affect negative judgement against them, if that is due to difficulty categorizing them and if conservatives have a specially harsher attitude as they like order and fast social categorization. Limitations are only used female-to-male photos and possible socially favourable answers from liberaks.
What is Lick et al. research about?
Researched whether sexuality cues are seen to be deliberately shown to flaunt one’s sexuality and whether that perception was tied to a prejudiced attitude. Gender atypical cues were tied to communicative intent and prejudice feedback.
What is conciliation?
A process that helps people in conflict reach an agreement (usually through the help of a third party)
