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Humanities 1 > Prehistory and the Birth of Civilization > Flashcards

Prehistory and the Birth of Civilization Flashcards

1
Q

What is prehistory?

A

The study of history before the written word

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2
Q

What are geologists?

A

Rock studiers

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3
Q

Paleontologists

A

Study fossils

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4
Q

Anthropologists

A

Study human biology, culture, and society

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5
Q

Archaeologists

A

Study remains of past societies, silly because they could just ride a TARDIS (but are too busy riding Doctors lol)

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6
Q

Ethnographers

A

Study surviving preliterate societies

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7
Q

Where did humans first appear?

A

Africa

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8
Q

What does Paleolithic MEAN?

A

“old stone”

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9
Q

What is a hominid?

A

Any of a family of bipedal primates

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10
Q

What are the two theories for the evolution of the genus homo?

A

Out of Africa theory and multi-regional theory

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11
Q

What does the Out of Africa theory mean?

A

Humans evolved in Africa, then migrated out.

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12
Q

What does the multi-regional theory mean?

A

Humans evolved in many different places and the mingled

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13
Q

Which are the earliest humans?

A

Australopithecus

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14
Q

Which was the first early human to make tools?

A

Homo habilis

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15
Q

What is culture and what represented the beginning of culture in early humans?

A

Culture is the sum total of things that people have invented, developed, and transmitted, and tool making is an early representation

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16
Q

What were ways early humans manipulated nature?

A

Making tools and weapons

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17
Q

Which were the hunter gatherers who made hand axes and other advanced tools?

A

Homo erectus

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18
Q

What are three things fire provided to early humans?

A

Warmth, safety, and the means of cooking food

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19
Q

Where did the human ancestors most similar to us appear?

A

Neander Valley near Germany

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20
Q

What are homo sapiens?

A

“wise man,” self conscious, symbol making human

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21
Q

How are Neanderthals related to modern humans?

A

Now extinct cousins

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22
Q

What are the important characteristics of homo sapiens that set them apart from other humans?

A

Brain size, complex motor capacities of verbal communication and culture

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23
Q

When did Paleolithic culture evolve?

A

The Ice Age

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24
Q

What purposes did tools serve?

A

Increased comfort, safety, and confidence

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25
Q

Where were cave paintings found?

A

Europe, Africa, Australia, North America

26
Q

What do cave paintings contain?

A

Animals, birds, fish, hand prints, and symbols

27
Q

What is important about the cave paintings?

A

They document now-extinct animals and also the culture of hunter-gatherers

28
Q

What is polychrome?

A

Having many or various colors

29
Q

What materials were used to make cave paintings?

A

Polychrome mineral pigments- bitumen and burnt coal

30
Q

What scenes did cave paintings frequently depict?

A

Hunting scenes

31
Q

What was most likely the purpose of cave paintings?

A

Most likely a hunting ritual

32
Q

What is the main difference between cave paintings and modern art?

A

Modern art is decorative, and cave paintings served a purpose and were used in rituals

33
Q

What is sympathetic magic?

A

A method by which one gains power over an object by manipulating its name or image

34
Q

Why was faith in the power to change destiny so important to cave people?

A

Because controlling nature was crucial to survival.

35
Q

What is a commonly found motif in cave paintings, and what did it most likely represent?

A

Hand prints represented hunting- hands are tools for hunting

36
Q

What was the role of women in Paleolithic society?

A

Important; they gathered fruit and berries, healers and nurturers, childbearers, and mother earth

37
Q

Who is Don Johansson?

A

He discovered Lucy!

38
Q

Describe the Paleolithic Age.

A

Hunter gatherers, early humans, beginning of culture

39
Q

Describe the Neolithic Age.

A

Agricultural Revolutions, start of civilization, specialization of labor, home sapiens

40
Q

What changed between the Paleolithic and Neolithic times?

A

Paleolithic was hunter-gatherer nomads, Neolithic was agricultural civilization

41
Q

What was the specialization of labor and how did it change culture and social class?

A

Encouraged trade and economic development, which stimulated productivity and encouraged the growth of an urban economy

42
Q

Who is Lucy and why is she important?

A

The remains of a human found in the 1970’s by Don Johansson; she is important because she was the earliest complete skeleton for a long time

43
Q

Who is Mary Leaky and why is she important?

A

She discovered Turkana Boy.

44
Q

Why do we no longer think Paleolithic people were the hunters and were, in fact, the hunted?

A

Marks on bones have been found that could not have been made by early humans or their tools

45
Q

How were cave paintings created?

A

It was a group project. The brushes were made from twigs, moss and fur. Sometimes they blew through tubes.

46
Q

How were cave paintings signed?

A

Hand prints

47
Q

Who was Turkana Boy?

A

Most complete early human skeleton ever found, Homo erectus, told us about early human society

48
Q

What were the Agricultural Revolutions?

A

The transition between foraging and farming.

49
Q

How did farming change the views of people?

A

More aware of seasons, respect for life giving power, mother Earth, farming cycle associated with life

50
Q

What are megaliths?

A

Large roughly shaped stone, used in ancient architectural construction

51
Q

What are dolmens?

A

Stone tomb made of two posts capped by a lintel

52
Q

What is post and lintel?

A

Two vertical posts topped by a horizontal lintel

53
Q

What is a stele?

A

The upright stone slab

54
Q

What are some of the possible uses for Stonehenge?

A

Calendar, tomb, religious site

55
Q

What started civilizations?

A

Growing villages, surplus food, specialization of labor, trade, new technology (wheel, plow, calendar), irrigation, transportation

56
Q

What does the birth of civilization represent?

A

The transition of pastoral life to urban life

57
Q

What was the first civilization?

A

Mesopotamia, developed between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

58
Q

What civilization developed along the Nile and when?

A

Ancient Egypt, 3500 BCE

59
Q

What civilization developed along the Indus River?

A

The Indus Valley civilization

60
Q

Where did Chinese civilization develop?

A

Northern plain along the Yellow River

Humanities 1 (2 decks)

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