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pregnancy > Pregnant Physiology > Flashcards

Pregnant Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the site of fertilization?

A

upper third of oviduct

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2
Q

What is the site of implantation?

A

endometrium of uterus

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3
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Fertilized ovum becomes blastocyst.

  • Inner cell mass: becomes fetus
  • trophoblast: establishes implantation, then becomes fetal portion of placenta.
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4
Q

How are placental villi formed?

A

finger like projection of chorionic tissues

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5
Q

what happens at the inter-villus spaces?

A

exchange between fetal and maternal blood

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6
Q

what are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • kidneys, digestive and respiratory yet NOT USED because mothers system does this.
  • becomes TEMPORARY ENDOCRINE ORGAN
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7
Q

what 3 endocrine systems interact during pregancy? why?

A

maternal, fetal and placental hormones interact to enhance growth and development, coordinate time of birth and prepare mammary glands.

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8
Q

what hormones are released by the placenta? what is their critical role?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen, progesterone.

MAINTAIN PREGNANCY

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9
Q

why is the placenta unique? (2 reasons)

A
  1. transient
  2. hormones controlled by STAGE OF PREGNANCY (not EXTRINSIC CONTROL).
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10
Q

what is the main function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? What are 3 additional functions?

A

prolong the life of CORPUS LUTEUM (CL).

  • stimulate LEYDIG CELLS in male tested to secrete testosterone.
  • used in pregnancy diagnostic testing in urine (about 2 weeks after missed period).
  • may cause morning sickness
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11
Q

What is the corpus luteum? what is its function?

A

Ovarian endocrine organ, produces ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE until about 10 WEEKS POST IMPLANTATION

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12
Q

What hormones does maintenance of pregnancy depend on? Why?

A

Estrogen and progesterone and they maintain THICK, PULPY ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE and CEASE MENSTRUATION

(indirectly hCG as it maintains corpus luteum which releases these)

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13
Q

when does peak hCG secretion occur? when does it start to decline?

A
  • PEAK: 60 DAYS after last menstrual period
  • Decline: by 10th week post implantion
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14
Q

why doesnt placenta secrete estrogen in tjhe first trimester and instead produced hCG to stimulate corpus luteum?

A

Because placenta does not have the required enzymes for ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS in first trimester. Has them for PROGESTERONE yet does not produce enough in first 10 weeks.

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15
Q

does placenta secrete progesterone in first 10 weeks?

A

Placenta produces progesterone soon after implantation yet this is too small in FIRST 10 WEEKS to produce ENOUGH PROGESTERONE TO MAINTAIN PREGNANCY.

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16
Q

What is the key role of estrogen and progesterone?

A

High levels necessary to MAINTAIN PREGANCY

17
Q

What structures release estrogen and progesterone in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A

1st: Corpus luteum
2nd and 3rd: placenta

18
Q

What are the 2 main roles (specific) of estrogen?

A
  1. stimulate growth of myometrium –> help EXPEL FETUS during LABOUR
  2. development of mammary gland DUCTS.
19
Q

What are the 3 main roles (specific) of progesterone?

A
  1. PREVENT MISCARRIAGE (prevent contraction of uterine myometrium)
  2. mucus plug
  3. development of MILK GLANDS
20
Q

what leads to weight gain in pregnant patients?

A
  1. uterine enlargment (20 times its size)
  2. 30% increase in blood volume
21
Q

what is parturition?

A

birth/ labour/ delivery

22
Q

what are two requirements for parturition?

A
  1. dilation of the cervical canal
  2. contractions of the uterine myometrium
23
Q

what are two changes that occur in the late gestation period that prepare for parturition?

A
  1. Braxton - Hicks contractions (last trimester)
  2. softening of the cervix (and birth canal) via relaxin from CL
24
Q

what is gestation?

A

pregnancy

25
Q

What is a breech birth?

A

any part of the body other than head approach birth canal first.

26
Q

what type of contractions can be seen when there is onset of parturition/ true labour?

A

rhythmic, coordinated contractions.

pregnancy (2 decks)

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