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AUBF LAB > PREGNANCY TEST > Flashcards

PREGNANCY TEST Flashcards

1
Q

A misnomer

A

Pregnancy test

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2
Q

most of the test done measure human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and not the presence of a fetus.

A

Pregnancy test

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3
Q

a glycoprotein produced by trophoblastic cells beginning about 10 days after conception.

A

HCG

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4
Q

Following conception, a rapid rise in urinary hCG begins at about 5 weeks’ gestation (5 weeks after last menstrual period), w/ peak levels at about 10 weeks gestation.

A

HCG

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5
Q

refers to weeks after the last normal menstrual period rather than weeks after conception, since the latter date is difficult to determine w/ certainty.

A

Weeks of gestation

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6
Q

As placental estrogen and progesterone production increase during the 2nd trimester, hCG levels decline.

A

Weeks of gestation

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7
Q
  1. Detection and confirmation of early normal pregnancy.
A

Utilities of analysis

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8
Q

Evaluation of abnormal pregnancy and investigation of
disorders related to pregnancy.
- Used in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
in patients w/ lower abdominal pain.
- Used in the evaluation of threatened abortion
during the 1st trimester.

A

Utilities of analysis

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9
Q

serve as a guidance of diagnosis and treatment of trophoblastic tumors, like hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma and testicular tumors, notably seminomas, teratomas, and embryonal carcinomas.

A

Study of trophoblastic disease

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10
Q

Glycoprotein secreted by the trophoblast cells of the chorionic layer of the placenta.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG)

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11
Q

consisting of one a subunit (cross- reacts with anterior pituitary hormones) and one ẞ subunit that is unique to hCG and confers antigenic individuality.

A

Dimeric molecule

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12
Q

A reliable indicator of pregnancy

A

Elevation in maternal serum and urine

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13
Q

are typically less than 150 mIU/L with negative urine testing

A

Serum concentration of B-hCG

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14
Q

(Serum concentration) levels begin to increase (black) days post-implantation

A

21-23 days

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15
Q

Serum concentration of B-hCG

A

reach a peak at about 10 weeks of gestation (150,000- 200,000 mIU/mL), and gradually decrease during the later stages of pregnancy (10,000-50,000 mIU/mL).

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16
Q

Principle: Detection of hCG using using monoclonal antibodies

A

Immunoassays

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17
Q

measure both the free B subunit and intact hCG (dimer)

A

Serum assays

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18
Q

utilizing antibodies directed at different epitopes on the ẞ subunit

A

Serum assays

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19
Q

can quantify hCG as low as 1-2 mlU/mL

A

Serum assays

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20
Q

increased values above the reference interval (about 4-6 mIU/mL) observed by implantation of 6-12 days after ovulation.

A

Serum assays

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21
Q

use one antibody directed at the B subunit and the one directed at the a subunit, allowing these assays to measure intact hCG and fragments that appear in urine.

A

Urine assays

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22
Q

2 types or urine serum

A

Qualitative immunoassays test and Home-based assays

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23
Q

have detection limits of approximately 20 mIU/mL; detect elevated urine hCG 2-3 days in serum methods.

A

Qualitative immunoassays test

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24
Q

have detection limits of about 50 mIU/mL; detect level several days later, or shortly after missed menses.

A

Home-based assays

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25
Methods used to measure hcg activity
- direct aggulatination - competitive radioimmunoassays - EIA (sandwich eliza) - immunochromatography (lateral flow test)
26
What are the 3 types of agglutination immunoassays
- Direct agglutination - Hemagglutination-inhibition - Latex agglutination-inhibition
27
Reagents consists of latex particles coated with anti- hCG.
Direct agglutination
28
Carrier reagent consists of rbc formalized for stability and treated with tannic acid to allow coating with hCG.
Hemagglutination-inhibition
29
SENSITIVITY: 150-4,000 mIU/mL
Hemagglutination-inhibition
30
Carrier reagent consists of latex particles coated with hCG.
Latex agglutination-inhibition
31
SENSITIVITY: 500-3,000mIU/mL.
Latex agglutination-inhibition
32
PRINCIPLE: Serum hCG and the radiolabeled hCG compete for the binding of anti-hCG.
Competitive radioimmunoassays
33
SENSITIVITY: 5mIU/mL
Competitive radioimmunoassays
34
Enzyme Linked Immuno- Sorbent Assay
EIA (Sandwich Eliza)
35
PRINCIPLE: Detection of hCG based on color indicator reaction mediated by an enzyme (e.g. ALP );commonly used in home-based pregnancy test.
EIA (Sandwich Eliza)
36
SENSITIVITY: 2-5 mIU/mL flow
EIA (Sandwich Eliza)
37
PRINCIPLE: Urine is added to the test kit and allowed to migrate through the absorbent device. The labeled antibody-dye conjugate binds to the hCG in the specimen forming an antibody-antigen complex. This complex binds to the concentration is equal to or greater than 20 mIU/mL. In the absence of hCG, the reaction mixture continues flowing through the absorbent device past the test zone allowing the binding of unbound conjugates to the reagent in the control zone.
Immunochromatography (Lateral flow test)
38
NEGATIVE: Only one colored band appear in the control region and no apparent band appears in the test region (T), this indicate that the specimen does not contain a detectable level of hCG.
Immunochromatography (Lateral flow test)
39
POSITIVE: Two distinct colored bands appear, one in the test region (T) and one in the control region.
Immunochromatography (lateral flow test)
40
INVALID: No colored bands in the result window, this may indicate that an insufficient volume of specimen is added into the test kit, proper procedure may not have been followed in performing the test or deterioration of the test kit may have occurred. Repeat the test procedure using a new kit.
Immunochromatography (Lateral flow test)
41
8 types of Bioassay
-Ascheim-Zondek test -Friedmann test -Hoffman’s test -Frank-berman test -Kelso test -Kupperman test -Galli-mainini test -Hogben’s test
42
Subcutaneous injection of urine to immature female white mice.
Ascheim-zondek test
43
POSITIVE RX: Enlargement of the ovaries 2-3 times larger than normal size with yellow spots of corpus lutea.
Ascheim-zondek test
44
SENSITIVITY: 1-6 IU/ml
Ascheim-zondek test
45
Intravenous injection (free marginal ear vein) of the urine specimen into a virgin female rabbit.
Friedmann test
46
POSITIVE RX: Enlargement of the ovaries or ovulation in the mature female rabbit; ovaries show red spots.
Friedmann test
47
SENSITIVITY: 10-15 IU/ml
Friedmann test
48
Intravenous injection of blood serum into the virgin female rabbit.
Hoffman’s test
49
POSITIVE RX: Enlargement of the ovaries or ovulation in the mature female rabbit; ovaries show red spots.
Hoffman’s test
50
SENSITIVITY: 10-15 IU/ml
Hoffman’s test
51
Subcutaneous injection of urine into immature female rat.
Frank-Berman test
52
Inject urine or serum into the dorsal lymph sac of the male frog (Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, Rana vitegera) or male toad (Bufo americanus, Bufo marinus).
Galli-Mainini test
53
Intraperitoneal injection of urine into female virgin rat.
Kupperman test
54
Subcutaneous injection of urine into female virgin rat.
Kelso test
55
POSITIVE RX: Ovarian hyperemia
Kelso test, frank-berman test, kupperman test
56
SENSITIVITY: 1 IU/ml
Kelso test, frank-berman test, kupperman test
57
POSITIVE RX: Expulsion of spermatozoa into the cloaca within 30 minutes to 2 hours.
Galli-Mainini test
58
Inject urine into the muscle of the thigh, then towards the dorsal lymph sac subcutaneously into mature female frog (Xenopus laevis).
Hogben’s test
59
POSITIVE RX: extrusion of eggs 8 to 12 hours after injection
Hogben’s test
60
SENSITIVITY: 75-100 IU/ml
Hogben’s test
61
Sources of errors
-False-positive reactions - false-positive reactions -false negative result
62
Production of hCG in the pituitary (especially in post- menopausal females)
False-positive reactions
63
Presence of tumors (germ cell tumors, gestational trophoblastic disease, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma; characterized by significant amount of free ẞ subunit, in addition to intact hCG)
False-positive reactions
64
Interference by heterophilic antibodies (large molecular weight. Not filtered by renal glomeruli)
False-positive reactions
65
Intake of chlorpromazine derivatives, phenothiazine, and aspirin.
False-positive reactions
66
Ectopic production of hCG and / or hCG like substances by trophoblastic tumors and by non- trophoblastic neoplasms, o i.e. carcinoma of the lung, ovarian cysts.
FALSE-POSITIVE REACTIONS
67
Deterioration of reagents and improper shipment of reagents.
FALSE-POSITIVE REACTIONS
68
Improper sample collection.
FALSE-POSITIVE REACTIONS
69
Seasonal variation of test animals.
FALSE-POSITIVE REACTIONS
70
Low titer or concentration of hCG as in early pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy.
FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULT
71
Low sensitivity of test animal or assays method.
FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULT
72
Use of toxic urine (bacterial contamination, increased electrolyte levels, salicylates, and barbiturates).
FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULT
73
Presence of drugs like salicylates and barbiturates.
FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULT
74
Low titer of hCG during 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy
FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULT

AUBF LAB (2 decks)

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