Pregnancy: Prenatal Development and Prenatal Care (made by AI bc im tired) Flashcards
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
- Preembryonic stage
- Embryonic stage
- Fetal stage
What are the key events that occur in the embryonic stage of prenatal development?
All organs are formed by the end of week 8, implantation occurs by the end of week 2, and the heart and neural tube are the first structures to develop.
What is the primary function of the placenta?
Circulation, protection, and secretion of hormones that support the pregnancy.
What is a teratogen?
An agent that disrupts growth and development in the embryo or fetus and causes anomalies.
At what weeks does the fetal stage occur?
Weeks 9 to 38+.
What significant development occurs in weeks 9 to 12 of the fetal stage?
Fetal movement begins, kidneys begin to function, and genitalia are fully differentiated.
Define the GTPAL method.
G: Gravida (number of pregnancies), T: Term births, P: Preterm births, A: Abortions/miscarriages, L: Living children.
What are common presumptive signs of pregnancy?
Missed periods, nausea, breast tenderness.
Fill in the blank: The umbilical cord contains one large vein and ______ smaller arteries.
two
True or False: The embryo is most susceptible to teratogens during the fetal stage.
False
What hormonal changes occur in the endocrine system during pregnancy?
Thyroid hormones increase, insulin needs vary, and cortisol levels rise.
What is the estimated increase in cardiac output during pregnancy?
Up to 50%.
What is striae gravidarum?
Stretch marks that commonly appear on the breasts, abdomen, and thighs during pregnancy.
What physiological change occurs in the respiratory system during pregnancy?
Oxygen consumption increases by 15% to 20%.
List the normal discomforts of pregnancy in the first trimester.
- Fatigue
- Nausea and vomiting
- Urinary frequency
- Breast tenderness
What is the recommended frequency of prenatal care appointments for low-risk patients during the second trimester?
Every 2 weeks.
What changes occur in the integumentary system during pregnancy?
- Darkening of moles and areolae
- Appearance of linea nigra
- Palmar erythema
What dietary recommendations are given to pregnant women?
- Consume extra protein and calcium
- Take a vitamin with folic acid and iron
- Avoid alcohol and raw meat
What is the significance of viabilty in fetal development?
The fetus can survive with intensive care at 22-23 weeks.
What is Chadwick’s sign?
Bluish discoloration of the cervix due to increased vascularity.
What is the expected change in glomerular filtration rate during pregnancy?
Increases by about 50%.
What is Braxton Hicks contraction?
Practice contractions that occur throughout pregnancy.
What is the recommended strategy for managing constipation during pregnancy?
Increase fiber and fluids.
What is the role of oxytocin at the end of the third trimester?
Stimulates contractions to initiate labor and assists in postpartum uterine contractions.
Fill in the blank: The first prenatal appointment should include health history and ______.
determining due date
What changes occur in the musculoskeletal system during pregnancy?
Lordosis increases, relaxin and progesterone increase joint mobility, and abdominal walls may separate.
What are the signs of supine hypotension?
Dizziness when lying flat due to pressure on the vena cava.
What does GTPAL stand for in obstetrics?
GTPAL stands for:
* G - Gravida (total number of pregnancies)
* T - Term births (deliveries at 37 weeks or later)
* P - Preterm births (deliveries between 20 and 36 weeks)
* A - Abortions (spontaneous or elective losses before 20 weeks)
* L - Living children.
What is the gravida/para shorthand for a woman who is G5 T1 P1 A2 L2?
G5P2
How do you determine the estimated due date (EDD) using Nagele’s rule?
EDD can be determined by:
* Determine the date of the last menstrual period (LMP)
* Subtract 3 months
* Add 7 days.
Fill in the blank: After subtracting 3 months from the LMP of March 17, the new month is ______.
December
What are the vital assessments during prenatal appointments?
Prenatal appointments include:
* Physical assessment
* History since the last appointment
* Vital signs and weight assessment
* Fetal heart rate assessment after 10 weeks
* Fundal height measurement after 16 weeks
* Pertinent education.
What are the danger signs during the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
Danger signs to report include:
* Bleeding or Spotting
* Cramping
* Painful Urination and fever
* Lower abdominal pain accompanied by shoulder pain.
What are some danger signs during the 2nd trimester until term?
Danger signs include:
* Uterine contractions
* New onset back pain
* Leaking of fluid from vagina
* Vaginal bleeding
* Decreased fetal movement.
True or False: The Group Beta Strep test is an infection screening.
False
What is the purpose of the 1-hour Glucose Tolerance Test?
The test screens for Gestational Diabetes.
What does a Biophysical Profile assess?
A Biophysical Profile assesses fetal well-being based on:
* Non-stress test
* Fetal movement
* Tone
* Breathing
* Amniotic fluid volume.
What are the presumptive signs of pregnancy?
Presumptive signs include:
* Nausea
* Tender Breasts
* Fatigue
* Missed periods (amenorrhea)
* Abdominal growth.
What are probable signs of pregnancy?
Probable signs include:
* Positive pregnancy test
* Chadwick’s sign
* Hegar’s sign
* Goodell’s sign
* Maternal perception of fetal movement.
What constitutes positive signs of pregnancy?
Positive signs include:
* Visualization of baby on ultrasound
* Fetal heart tones
* Palpable fetal movement assessed by examiner.
What psychosocial adaptation is common in the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
Ambivalence is common.
What psychosocial changes occur in the 2nd trimester?
Growing awareness of the fetus as a separate person and dealing with body changes.
What feelings are common in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
Anxiety and feelings of being vulnerable are common.
Fill in the blank: During prenatal care, fetal heart rate is typically assessed after ______ weeks.
10
What is the normal range for fetal heart rate after 10 weeks?
110-160 BPM.
What is the significance of measuring fundal height after 16 weeks?
Fundal height measurement helps assess fetal growth and is approximately one cm per week of gestation.
