pregnancy nutrition and lactation Flashcards
what is SGA, APA, LGA
SGA - small for gestational age
APA = appropriate for gestational age
LGA = low fo gestational age
what is the fundal height measurement?
Fundal height is generally defined as the distance from the pubic bone to the top of the uterus measured in centimeters.
what are risk factors for preterm brith
multiple birth pervious preterm birth smoking street and lack of support infection stressful working conditions
what are causes of poor fatal growth?
Use of alcohol, drugs and smoking Poor nutrition Being under weight before becoming pregnant Mothers age Genetic abnormalities Stress, exhaustion, abuse Living in poverty
what amount of weight gain is acceptable during pregnancy?
if pre pregnancy BMI is:
underweight 13-18 kg
normal weight 11-16kg
overweight 7-11kg
obese 5-9kg
how can protein energy supplementation during pregnancy affect fatal growth in woman with energy or protein deficit?
improve fatal growth
increase brith weight and height
decrease the percentage of low birth weight
however excess protein in woman with diet that already has adequate protein may conversely impair the fatal growth
what was the dutch winter famine study?
Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on neonatal adiposity and health in later life
Children of the pregnant women were smaller, more susceptible to diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease and more likely to have smaller children themselves
vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy?
it can cause bone fragility, rickets, obstetric complications
it happened because VD is responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
people who are at risk: obese, limited exposure to sun, south asian, African, Caribbean or middle easter descent, malnutrition
action: 10 micrograms per day (cholecalciferol) during pregnancy and while breast-feeding
what are healthy start vitamins who are vouchers given to?
What: one Healthy Start voucher a week worth £3.10 and a
voucher for vitamins (folic acid, C and D)
Why: improve the health of low-income pregnant women and families on benefits and tax credits.
Who: pregnant women (>10 weeks) and parents of under 4yr olds who are on means tested benefits
Action: inform, advise and provide application
Why is folic acid recommended during pregnancy?
What: to reduce the risk of neural tube
defect (NTD)
Why: Folate acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA and RNA biosynthesis.
Who: all women planning a pregnancy and up to 12 weeks or more. Obese women and those with epilepsy require higher dose
Action: 400 micrograms for all, 5mg for women with raised BMI >30 or previous NTD
what foods should be avoided during pregnancy ?
pate soft cheese such as brie or camembert soft blue cheese uncooked eggs unpasteurised milk rare meats
no more than 2portions of oily fish
limit amount of tuna
should woman take vitamin A supplements during pregnancy ?
NO
what can breastfeeding prevent in the child?
Acute Otitis Media • Non-specific Gastroenteritis Severe lower respiratory tract infectionsDental malocclusion Obesity Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes SIDS Necrotising Enterocolitis
what can breast feeding prevent in the mother?
Type 2 Diabetes • Breast Cancer • Ovarian Cancer • Postnatal Depression • Breastfeeding - still the most widespread form of birth spacing globally means - smaller family size - more children survive - enhanced maternal health
what is colostrum?
days 1-3 breast milk
thicker and more concentrated than breast milk
Yellowish or clear
Small volume to allow baby to get rid of excess tissue fluid without overloading kidneys
Higher concentrations of antibodies, white blood cells and other anti-infective proteins than mature milk
Mild laxative effect
Rich in growth factors
Richer in Vitamins A and K than mature milk
Creates an acidic environment
