Pregnancy, C-Section, and Age Considerations Flashcards
What are the CV changes during pregnancy?
- increased CO, HR, and stroke volume
- decreased PCV
- aortocaval compression
- decreased cardiac reserve
What are the respiratory changes during pregnancy?
- increased oxygen consumption
- decreased PaCO2
- decreased pulmonary resistance
What are the GI changes during pregnancy?
- delayed gastric emptying
- increased gastric acidity
- decreased LES tone
- increased risk of regurgitation/aspiration
What are the renal changes during pregnancy?
- increased GFR
- decreased BUN and creatinine
Which sedatives cause fetal depression in pregnant small animals?
acepromazine
benzodiazepines
What are the effects of alpha-2 agonists on pregnant small animals, and large animals?
S: decrease CO
L: increased uterine pressure and decreased O2 delivery to fetus
Which sedatives are used in pregnant large animals?
- alpha-2 agonists
- detomidine
- benzodiazepines
Which induction agents are used for pregnant animals/C-sections?
- propofol
- aflaxalone
- etomidate
- ketamine
What are the complications with epidurals in pregnant animals?
- increased volume of epidural blood vessels and increased epidural fat
- decreases epidural space and increases cranial spread of drugs
- leads to hypotension
What are the cardiovascular features in young animals?
- minimal ability to increase contractility
- immature sympathetic nervous system
- increased extracellular fluid volume
- higher metabolic rate
What are the respiratory features in young animals?
- high RR/minute ventilation
- minimal pulmonary reserve
What are the hematologic features in young animals?
- PCV decreases 1/3 in first 28 days
- decrease in O2 delivery
- hypoalbuminemia
What are the hepatic and renal features in young animals?
- deficient hepatic microsomal enzymes
(prolonged drug effects) - decreased GRF
- kidneys less efficient
What sedatives are used for young animal anesthesia?
benzodiazepines
Which drugs are not recommended for use in young animal anesthesia?
- phenothiazines
- alpha-2 agonists
- NSAIDs
What are the cardiovascular features in geriatric animals?
- dependent on atrial kick and normal sinus rhythm for cardiac output
- limited ability to increase HR
- rely on increased stroke volume to increase CO
- decreased arterial compliance, myocardial compliance, and max HR and CO
What are the respiratory features in geriatric animals?
- overall decrease in function and efficacy
- decreased gas exchange, vital capacity, thoracic compliance, lung elasticity, and PaO2
What are the hepatic and renal features of geriatric animals?
- decreased liver mass
(decreased drug clearance) - decreased kidney mass and functional nephrons
- decreased GFR, ability to concentrate urine, and ability to correct volume and electrolytes
What sedatives can be used in geriatric animals?
- benzidiazepines
- phenothiazines
- alpha-2 agonists
Which drugs are not recommended to use as premed for geriatric animals?
anticholinergics
