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Lifecycle Nutrition > Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Does the health of the mother affect the health of her offspring before, during, or after pregnancy?

A

All three!

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2
Q

At what age range is there the least amount of risk for pregnancy?

A

20-35

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3
Q

At what BMI (body mass index) range is there the least amount of risk during pregnancy?

A

20-30. Under or over associated with infertility.

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4
Q

Is getting pregnant soon after your last pregnancy risky?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

A disease where the individual lacks an enzyme to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. Eating foods that contain phenylalanine can lead to mental retardation and death.

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6
Q

When is an individual tested for PKU?

A

Immediately after birth

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7
Q

If a pregnant woman has PKU, are there risks for the baby?

A

Yes–mental retardation in baby, death of baby, birth defects, spontaneous abortion, postnatal growth and development problems

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8
Q

How is PKU treated?

A

For the affected individual, they should consume foods low in phenylalanine and maintain blood tyrosine levels. People with PKU should especially not use aspartame (artificial sweetener). If the individual becomes pregnant, she should maintain consistent weight gain.

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9
Q

What is Celiac Disease?

A

Sensitivity to gluten (found in wheat, rye, barley, and other grains)

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10
Q

What problems are associated with Celiac Disease?

A

Malabsorption of fats, flattening of gastrointestinal (GI) tract, nutrient deficiencies, infertility. The Individual must follow a gluten-free diet.

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11
Q

Does pregnancy in an individual with Type 1 Diabetes have an easier time conrolling their blood glucose?

A

No! Blood glucose control is much harder. There is an increased need for insulin. Uncontrolled, damage can be caused to the fetus and stress the mother.

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12
Q

What is Glycosuria?

A

Increased blood volume, common during pregnancy

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13
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Happen in about 4% of pregnancies

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14
Q

What are some risk factors for gestational diabetes?

A

Family history of gestational diabetes, obesity, previous large babies

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15
Q

If a mother has gestational diabetes, what could happen to the baby and to her?

A

Birth defects, spontaneous abortion, perinatal complications around the time of birth. Mother has a better chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

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16
Q

Pregnancy-induced Hypertension (PIH) is characterized by what?

A

Hyptertension, proteinuria (protein in the urine), edema (swelling with water).

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17
Q

What are some risk factors for PIH?

A

Preexisting hypertension, diabetes, family history, dietary deficiencies, being outside the age range of 20-35.

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18
Q

Should someone with PIH restrict sodium?

A

No! The condition is due to a deficiency, not too much.

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19
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Protein to which oxygen binds in red blood cells (RBC)

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20
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The volume of packed RBC.

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21
Q

What is hemodilution? Is it normal during pregnancy?

A

Physiological anemia. This is normal because a pregnant woman carries much more water than usual

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22
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Waves of involuntary muscle contractions in the GI system

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23
Q

What does UTI stand for?

A

Urinary tract infections

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24
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The rate at which fluid passes through the kidneys

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25
What happens to the GI system during pregnancy?
Changed taste acuity, increased appetite, decreased GI motility (hypoperistalsis, or constipation), enhanced absorption, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, hemorrhoids
26
What happens in the blood during pregnancy?
blood volume increases to 150%, increased blood flow to the uterus, hemodilution
27
Does a pregnant woman carry more water?
Yes! Increases as much as 2.5 gallons.
28
What happens to blood pressure during pregnancy?
Drops early, then rises later in pregnancy. Oxygen-carrying capacity increases due to increased efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. Diaphragm squished up, leading to shallower breaths
29
What happens to the cholesterol levels during pregnancy? Why?
They increase, sometimes to over 300 (normal is under 200). Cholesterol is needed for cell membrane growth.
30
What happens to renal (kidney) function during pregnancy?
Uterus compresses kidneys--greater need to urinate Renal blood flow and GFR increase Proteinuria (protein in urine) and glycosuria (sugar in urine) are common Increased need for water soluble vitamins
31
What happens to the basal metabolic rate (BMR) during pregnancy?
Increases
32
What happens to the nitrogen balance during pregnancy?
Positive, since growth is happening.
33
What kind of energy does the fetus prefer?
Glucose (carbs)
34
Why does the baby hoard amino acids?
For tissue building, not for fuel.
35
Why is fat important for mother in pregnancy?
Baby takes the carbs and protein for itself, so mother is left with fat. Mother stores fat for the future (lactation and birth)
36
What does the hormone Progesterone do during pregnancy?
relaxes smooth muscle cells (decreased GI motility) increases maternal fat stores decreases capillary tension increases renal sodium excretion
37
What does the hormon Estrogen do during pregnancy?
promotes uterus growth and function alters connective tissue structure so that there is increased flexibility (edema causes mother to swell)
38
What does the placenta do during pregnancy?
anchors the fetus to the uterus, site of hormone synthesis, exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
39
Do the mother and fetus share the same blood supply?
No, blood supplies are always separate
40
When does the neural tube close in the fetus?
Day 23
41
What is hyperplasia?
increased cell division
42
What is hypertrophy?
increased growth in size
43
The term folic acid is associated with what form of folacin (the general term)?
synthetic form used in supplements and fortification
44
The term folate is associated with what form of folacin?
naturally occuring form found in foods.
45
Spina bifida is associated with a deficiency in what?
Folate
46
What is the DRI for Folate in adults and pregnant women?
Adults--400mcg (micrograms) Pregnant--600mcg
47
How much weight should mom gain during pregnancy?
15-40 pounds
48
What is Pica?
compulsion to consume non-food items (such as dirt or sand) during pregnancy
49
What is a safe level of intake of Alcohol during pregnancy?
There is none! Alcohol use during pregnancy is the primary cause of preventable mental retardation in the US
50
Is caffeine safe during pregnancy?
Probably not, it's a possible teratogen (factor causing birth defects). Less than moderate use is recommended.
51
Name some food safety concerns during pregnancy
undercooked fish or meat, poorly stored processed meat, unpasteurized milk or cheese, predator fish
52
What happens to the baby if mom smokes during pregnancy?
lowers: placental blood flow, nutrient delivery, waste removal, oxygen delivery to the fetus, birthweight, intellectual and behavior development later in life
53
Should mom exercise during pregnancy?
Yes! but moderately is recommended. Vigorous exercisers experience a lot of benefits, but lower birth weight babies and lower body fat reserves.
54
What does the hormone Prolactin do during lactation?
stimulates milk production and release into mammary ducts Inhibits ovulation (breastfeeding can act as a contraceptive, but not super reliable)
55
What does the hormone Oxytocin do during lactation?
sends milk into nipple area ducts promotes uterine contractions to help uterus return to a pre-pregnancy size
56
What is let down?
Milk being released from breasts
57
Let down is influenced by what?
Mother's emotions and mindset. If she's not relaxed, she will have difficulty with let down, even if the milk is there
58
Compared to milk from other species of mammals, how is human milk different?
It is more dilute and lower in fat and protein. Assumes that mother will be with infant often, infant will need frequent feedings, infant will have slow rate of growth
59
During lactation, if mother is nutrient deficient, is quality or quantity more likely to be affected?
Quantity. Milk quality will generally stay the same regardless of what mother eats.
60
What is Stage 1 milk?
Preterm. Not exactly sufficient. Premature babies can drink it, but will need supplementation
61
What is colostrum?
The milk that comes out between 0 and 6 days after delivery. Most important milk to feed a baby.
62
What is the difference between foremilk (the milk that first comes out during a feeding) and hindmilk (the milk that comes out toward the end of a feeding)?
Foremilk is nutrient dense. Hindmilk is calorie dense.
63
What kinds of fatty acids are found in human milk?
high in omega 3 and omega 6, high in cholesterol. The exact type of fat depends on mom's fat intake and what her fat stores are like
64
What nutrient is most reflective of mother's intake during lactation?
Water-soluble vitamins
65
Why is breastmilk prefered over formula considering the iron content is much higher in formula?
The baby absorbs almost 50% of iron from breastmilk, and about 4% from formula.
66
Can AIDS be transmitted through breastmilk?
Yes
67
How much extra calories does lactation cost mom?
400-500 extra calories per day
68
Name some advantages of breastfeeding for the baby
safe, fresh, automatically idea, anti-infective, lowers morbidity, lowers risk for ear infections, promotes better jaw and teeth alignment, lowers risk of allergic reactions, slower growth, bonding with mother
69
Name some advantages of breastfeeding for mom
Bonding, self-esteem, easy, convenient, recovery from pregnancy is easier, lowers risk of breast and ovarian cancers, improved blood lipid profile, healthier baby
70
Does breast size affect milk?
No.
71
If baby is getting adequate intake of breast milk, how often will it be feeding per day?
8-12 times per day
72
If baby is getting adequate intake of breast milk, how often will it need changing?
About 6 wet diapers per day, 3-4 stools per day
73
What is engorgement?
breasts are full of milk but it won't come out
74
What is the recommended length of breastfeeding?
exclusively for 4-6 mothns, and in combination with solid foods up to 1 year or more.
75

Lifecycle Nutrition (1 decks)

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