Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DONE CLINICAL > Pregnancy and Breast Feeding > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Breast Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

Anaemia can be subdivided into 3 types which are…

A

Megaloblastic, microcytic and haemolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most commonest form of microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Folate deficiency results in…

A

Macrocytic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is folate deficiency treated?

A

With replacement therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reduced absorption of vitamin B12 can lead to…

A

Macrocytic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Haemolytic anaemias include…

A

Sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anaemia can be defined as…

A

A reduction from normal of the quantity of haemoglobin in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Megaloblastic anaemias include…

A

Folate deficiency and vit B12 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Microcyti anaemias include…

A

Iron deficiency anaemia, anaemia of chronic disease and sideroblastic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List some of the non specific signs and symptoms of anaemia…

A 
Tiredness
Pallor
Fainting 
Tachycardia 
Palpitations
Worsening angina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During pregnancy there is an ___ in red cell mass and an increase in plasma volume which can result in a physiological dilution anaemia.

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

To meet the demand of metal red cell production the gut increases its ability to absorb iron during pregnancy. Some of this demand is met by the stopping of ______

A

Menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How should you treat iron deficient anaemia?

A

Give iron sulphate tablets 200mg bd to tds until a normal range is reached + 3 months to improve symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long does it take for haemoglobin levels to rise 1g/dL?

A

Around 2 weeks - if this rise does not happen then the treatment is incorrect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Raised MCV is…

A

Macrocytic anaemia - megaloblastic (Red cells are larger than normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much prophylactic folic acid should be given to pregnant women. (Can be given before conception and during first 12 weeks of pregnancy)

A

400mcg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much folic acid should be given to a pregnant women with history of neural tube defects?

A

5mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is used to treat VitB12 deficiency?

A

Cyancobalamin oral 50-150mcg od

OR Hydroxcobalamin 1mg x 6 doses over 2 weeks (prophylaxis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

For a pregnant woman with folate-deficient megaloblastic anaemia how much folic acid should be given?

A

5mg daily until term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ACE inhibitors should NOT be given during the __ and __ trimesters

A

2nd and 3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ACE inhibitor use can result in fetal…

A

Renal dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NSAIDs should be avoided during the __ trimester specifically

A

3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

NSAIDs can cause premature closing of the fetal ____ arteriousus

A

Ductus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The capacity of neonates to eliminate drugs is ____

A

reduced - this can lead to toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gastric and intestinal emptying time increases by __ to __ % in the second and third trimester
30 and 40%
26
Delayed gastric and intestinal emptying in pregnancy can lead to...
Delayed absorption and onset of action of some drugs
27
Vol of dis of drugs may be altered due to...
- Inc in blood plama vol - Inc in CO - Inc in renal blood flow (3rd tri) - Inc 8L body water
28
Patients taking drugs with enhanced clearance in pregnancy should be closely monitored. Give some examples of these drugs...
Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Lithium and Digoxin
29
What drug is recommended for use in hypertension in pregnancy and why?
Methyldopa - long history of safe use
30
Which is preferred in pregnancy: Monotherapy or Polytherapy?
Monotherapy
31
Which vitamin should be avoided in pregnancy?
Vitamin A
32
Exclusive breastfeeding should take place for the first ____ months of a babies life
6 months
33
Do highly protein bound drugs tend to pass into breast milk?
No they tend to remain in the maternal plasma
34
Do lipophilic drugs have the ability to pass into breast milk?
Yes - the alveolar epithelium of the breast is a lipid barrier. CNS active drugs usually have characteristics needed to pass into milk
35
Do drugs with LOW or HIGH MW tend to pass readily into milk?
LOW MW - as they can pass through the small pores easier
36
Do more ACIDIC or BASIC drugs pass into breast milk more easily?
BASIC - higher pKa values - pass into breast milk more easily
37
Drug clearance by the infant does not reach adult values until _-_ months
6 to 7
38
Name a drug used in suppressing milk production...
Cabergoline and bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
39
Name a drug used in stimulating lactation...
Domperidone (dopamine D2 antagonists)
40
What information is needed to answer a question about a drug in pregnancy? 8 THINGS
- Stage of pregnancy (Trimesters) - Medication involved - Dose, Frequency, Route - Indication - Other options tried - Preg history - Who is asking?
41
What is the name of a good online resource to see drug usage in pregnancy?
TOXBASE, UKTIS (UK teratology info service)
42
Lamotrogine doses must be ____ postpartum to ____ ____
REDUCED to AVOID TOXICITY
43
Full term baby = ____ weeks
40
44
Babies receive the antibody _____ if they receive colostrum (first milk after birth)
IgA - reduces risk of ear, GI, resp and urinary tract infections
45
List some advantages of BF...
``` Mother: Less risk some cancers Less risk osteoporosis Bonding with baby Cost effective ``` Baby: Reduced incidence diarrhoea Reduced risk iron related anaemia Protects against sudden infant death syndrome Long term = Lower obesity risk, reduced high BP risk
46
What is the name of the drug and lactation database?
Lactmed
47
Penicillin is a weak acid. Is it more or less likely to pass into breast milk than Isoniazid (weak base)
Less likely - Weak BASES become ionised in milk
48
Warfarin is 99% protein bound. Will it therefore have high risk of passing into mothers breast milk?
No - only 1% is estimated to pass into mothers breast milk but should still observe for bleeding/bruising
49
Heparin and insulin have high molecular weights. Lithium and Alcohol have low molecular weights. Which are most likely to pass into breast milk?
Lithium and Alcohol as they can cross the membrane
50
What is a teratogen? | Give an example...
- Agent that results in structural or functional abnormalities in the foetus or in the child after birth after maternal exposure during pregnancy - e.g Thalidomide
51
What are the following drugs classed as... - ACE inhibitors - Carbamazepine - Carbimazole - Lithium - Ethanol - Phenytoin - Valproic acid - Vitamin A - Warfarin
Teratogens
52
What does the term antenatal mean?
- During pregnancy
53
At what stage (time period) does the 'all or nothing' principle apply? - Explain this principle
- First 17 days (week 0-2 post conception) | - Teratogenic exposure lead to either death of the embryo or full recovery
54
Vitamin A derivative such as Isotretonin (used to treat acne/psoriosis) has a ___ half life
LONG
55
What drug can be administered to mothers to resolve foetal tachycardia in foetus?
- Flecainide
56
Why does hypoalbuminaemia occur in pregnancy?
- Plasma volume increases at a greater rate than the increase in albumin - Results in low levels of albumin
57
What is a consequence of hypoalbuminaemia?
- Less drug binding to protein - More free drug - Higher concentration of drug
58
In the first few weeks of pre, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases by approx 50% - Drugs excreted primarily unchanged by kidneys show enhanced slim and lower CSS concs. Give some examples of these drugs...
- Lithium - Digoxin - Penicillin
59
Why do doses of lamotrigene need to be increased during pregnancy to exert the same effect?
- Because the enzyme that metabolises Lamotrigene is induced by pregnancy - Therefore, more metabolism of the drug takes place during pregnancy - So a higher dose is needed for get same effect
60
What happens to blood glucose levels in pregnancy?
- Increase | - Anti insulin effects are a result of pregnancy
61
What do diabetics need to do during pregnancy?
- Ensure they take BS levels more frequently - Take 5mg folic acid - May need more freq doses of insulin/metformin
62
What is pre-eclampsia?
- Increase in blood pressure during pregnancy | - Increase in protein in the urine
63
Which antihypertensives are contraindicated in pregnancy?
- ACEI - ATIIreceptor blockers - Diuretics
64
Name 3 medicines absolutely contraindicated in breastfeeding...
- Amiodarone - Lithium - Iodides
65
Name some ways in which a breastfeeding mother can minimise risk to baby if taking medication...
- Take dose straight after feeding - Take dose at night if possible - Avoid poly pharmacy - Express milk before taking dose? ASK
66
Name 4 screening tests that may be carried out to determine any problems with pregnancy...
1) Ultrasound 2) Amminocentesis (downs) 3) Blood screening (Hereditary disease) 4) Alpha feta protein - Neural tube defects e.g spina bifida

DONE CLINICAL (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions