Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 3a - Women Health > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Below what body fat percentage does ovulation cease?

A

22%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Below what body mass is amenorrhoea a risk?

A

<47 kg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List 3 features of the changes of maternal physiology.

A

1) Anticipatory —> precedes foetal growth and demand
2) In excess —> in excess of foetal demand
3) Dynamic —> changes vary through the trimesters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List 3 symptoms that occur due to changes to the renal system during pregnancy.

A

1) Generalised oedema
2) Increased thirst
3) Decreased urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List 3 physiological features that occur due to changes to the renal symptoms.

A

1) Increased creatinine output
2) Glucosuria
3) Aminoaciduria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List 2 conditions that are at risk due to changes to the renal system during pregnancy.

A

1) Hydronephrosis (esp. RHS)

2) Pyelonephritis (esp. RHS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does total plasma volume change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 1-2 L (30-50%).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does plasma osmolality change during pregnancy?

A

Decreases, 280 mosmol/kg (NP) —> 270 mosmol/kg (T).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List 2 natriuretic factors during pregnancy.

A

1) Progesterone

2) Atrial natriuretic peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List 4 antinatriuretic factors during pregnancy.

A

1) Aldosterone
2) Renin
3) Angiotensin
4) Deocycorticosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is eGFR not a valid measure of kidney function during pregnancy?

A

1) Creatinine output increases

2) Plasma creatinine decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does kidney size change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 20% by term.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 4 signs that occur due to changes to the cardiovascular system during pregnancy.

A

1) Decreased blood pressure (early/mid pregnancy)
2) Increased blood pressure (late pregnancy)
3) Altered heart sounds
4) Altered ECG trace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List 2 physiological features that occur due to changes to the cardiovascular system during pregnancy.

A

1) Increased cardiac output

2) Increased pulmonary flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List 2 conditions that are at risk due to changes to the cardiovascular system during pregnancy.

A

1) Dilutional anaemia

2) Thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does cardiac output change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 30-50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long postpartum does the risk of thromboembolism persist?

A

6-8 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which 3 clotting factors increase during pregnancy?

A

1) VII
2) VIII
3) X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List 7 cardiac anatomical changes that occur during pregnancy.

A

1) Diaphragm elevates 4 cm
2) Heart displaces superiorly and laterally
3) Apex displaces laterally
4) Heart is more horizontal
5) Increased left atrium size
6) Increased left ventricle size
7) Increased ventricular muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List 4 ECG abnormalities found during pregnancy.

A

1) Lead III —> inverted T wave
2) Lead III —> prominent Q wave
3) Lead aVF —> prominent Q wave
4) 15 degree left axis deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List 3 lung function test changes that occur due to changes to the respiratory system during pregnancy.

A

1) Increased tidal volume
2) Increased vital capacity
3) Decreased total lung volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List 4 respiratory anatomical changes that occur during pregnancy.

A

1) Diaphragm elevates 4 cm
2) Increased subcostal angle (70 degrees (NP) —> 105 degrees (T))
3) Increased thoracic circumference
4) Decreased chest compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does tidal volume change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 450 ml (NP) —> 650 ml (T), 200ml (40%).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain why pregnant women experience subjective dyspnoea.

A

Due to the increased tidal volume, pregnant women take deeper breaths, so they feel as though they are out of breath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does total lung volume change during pregnancy?

A

Decreases, 4200 ml (NP) —> 4000 ml (T), 200 ml.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List 5 lung function tests that are unchanged during pregnancy.

A

1) Respiratory rate
2) FEV1
3) FVC
4) FEV1/FVC
5) Peak flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does PCO2 change during pregnancy?

A

Decreases, 4.7 kPa (NP) —> 4.0 kPa (T).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe how compensated respiratory alkalosis occurs during pregnancy. (6)

A

1) Progesterone mediated increased CO2 sensitivity of respiratory centre chemoreceptors
2) Increased tidal volume
3) Increased CO2 exhaled
4) Decreased PCO2
5) Respiratory alkalosis
6) Excess HCO3- renally excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe how respiratory alkalosis enables placental CO2 exchange during pregnancy. (5)

A

1) Foetal PCO2 —> 5.0 kPa
2) Maternal PCO2 —> 4.0 kPa
3) Foetal PCO2 > maternal PCO2
4) Foetal:maternal CO2 diffusion gradient
5) CO2 diffusion across placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does oxygen consumption change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 250 ml/min (NP) —> 300 ml/min (P) (15-20%).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe how maternal and foetal erythrocytes enable placental O2 exchange. (4,3)

A

Maternal erythrocytes
1) Increased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
2) Increased DPG O2 binding in M erythrocytes
3) Decreased M erythrocyte O2 affinity
4) Favours M erythrocyte O2 unloading
Foetal erythrocytes
1) F haemoglobin contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
2) Increased F erythrocyte O2 affinity
3) Favours F erythrocyte O2 loading

31
Q

Describe the double Bohr effect during placental O2 exchange. (7)

A

1) Placental CO2 exchange
2) Relative high M CO2
3) Acidic M blood
4) Favours M O2 unloading
5) Relative low F CO2
6) Alkaline F blood
7) Favours F O2 loading

32
Q

List 4 conditions that are at risk due to changes to the gastrointestinal and hepatic system during pregnancy.

A

1) Gastro-oesophageal reflux
2) Aspiration pneumonitis
3) Cholelithiasis
4) Obstetric Cholestasis

33
Q

List 4 symptoms that occur due to changes to the gastrointestinal and hepatic system during pregnancy.

A

1) Constipation
2) Vomiting
3) Excess salivation
4) Altered appetite (inc. pica)

34
Q

Define pica.

A

Ingestion of non-nutritive substances.

35
Q

List 6 reasons why drug metabolism alters during pregnancy.

A

1) Decreased gastric pH
2) Decreased gastric emptying
3) Increased gastric transit time
4) Altered cytochrome P450 enzyme activity
5) Increased ECF volume
6) Increased GFR

36
Q

How does gut transmit time change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 52 hours (NP) —> 58 hours (P).

37
Q

List 3 conditions that are at risk due to changes to the metabolic system during pregnancy.

A

1) Hyperlipidaemia
2) Gestational diabetes mellitus
3) Diabetes ketoacidosis

38
Q

When does hyperlipidaemia occur during pregnancy?

A

During early pregnancy, to build fat reserves.

39
Q

What is the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus?

A

1-2%.

40
Q

When is diabetic ketoacidosis likely to occur during pregnancy?

A

Overnight.

41
Q

List 2 anatomical changes that occur due to changes to the reproductive system during pregnancy.

A

1) Increased uterine mass

2) Increased breast volume

42
Q

How does uterine mass change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 46 g (PT) —> 1012 g (T).

43
Q

List 2 ways how uterine mass increases during pregnancy.

A

1) Smooth muscle hyperplasia

2) Smooth muscle hypertrophy

44
Q

Describe how uroplacental blood flow is established. (4)

A

1) placental extravillous trophoblasts invade uterine decidual spinal arteries
2) Spinal arteries are remodelled
3) Endovascular invasion of placenta
4) Placenta acquires maternal blood supply

45
Q

List 5 conditions that are at risk due to failed endovascular invasion.

A

1) Pre-eclampsia
2) Premature birth
3) Recurrent miscarriage
4) Placental abruption
5) Foetal growth restriction

46
Q

What proportion of maternal deaths are caused by medical and mental health problems versus direct pregnancy complications? (2)

A

1) medical and mental health —> 2/3

2) direct pregnancy complications —> 1/3

47
Q

List 3 considerations during a preconception assessment for a woman with a pre-existing medical condition.

A

1) effect of pregnancy on medical condition
2) effect of medical condition on pregnancy
3) effect of maternal medication on pregnancy

48
Q

List 4 treatment aims during a preconception assessment for a woman with a pre-existing medical condition.

A

1) optimise disease control —> stable
2) rationalise drug therapy —> minimise effects on baby
3) advise on risks to mother and baby
4) effective contraception until ready to conceive

49
Q

List 3 healthcare professionals involved in a joint obstetric-medical clinic.

A

1) obstetrician with medical expertise
2) physician with pregnancy expertise
3) nurse/midwife specialist

50
Q

List 3 advantages of a joint obstetric-medical clinics.

A

1) improved communication
2) loss hospital visits
3) facilitates audits and research

51
Q

List 4 considerations for delivery and postpartum care during a joint obstetric-medical clinics.

A

1) safest mode of delivery
2) neonatal support
3) anaesthetic expertise
4) available HDU/ITU facilities

52
Q

List 2 pregnancy risks due to iron deficiency anaemia.

A

1) low birthweight

2) preterm delivery

53
Q

List 2 pregnancy risks due to asthma.

A

1) foetal growth restriction

2) premature delivery

54
Q

When is an asthmatic exacerbation during pregnancy most likely?

A

3rd trimester.

55
Q

What is the leading cause maternal death during pregnancy?

A

Cardiac disease.

56
Q

List 4 high risk cardiac lesions during pregnancy.

A

1) aortic stenosis
2) coarctation of aorta
3) prosthetic valves
4) cyanosis

57
Q

List 4 low risk cardiac lesions during pregnancy.

A

1) mitral regurgitation
2) aortic regurgitation
3) atrial septal defect
4) ventricular septal defect

58
Q

How do you manage cardiac disease during pregnancy? (5)

A

1) screen for heart failure (echo, ECG)
2) anticoagulation (mechanical heart valves)
3) rationalising drug therapy
4) monitor foetal growth and wellbeing (scans)
5) plan delivery (timing and mode)

59
Q

List 4 pregnancy risks due to hyperthyroidism.

A

1) maternal thyroid crisis with cardiac failure
2) maternal propylthiouracil induced liver failure
3) foetal thyrotoxicosis
3) foetal carbimazole induced abnormalities

60
Q

List 2 pregnancy risks due to hypothyroidism.

A

1) foetal impaired neurodevelopmental

2) foetal death

61
Q

Define gestational diabetes mellitus.

A

Carbohydrate intolerance first recognised in pregnancy.

62
Q

What is the period of risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus following gestational diabetes mellitus?

A

Within 10-15 years of pregnancy.

63
Q

How do you manage diabetes mellitus during pregnancy? (5)

A

1) HbA1c < 48 mM
2) folic acid 5 mg
3) stop ACEi and statins
4) retinal screening
5) renal screening

64
Q

List 4 maternal risks associated with diabetes during pregnancy.

A

1) diabetic ketoacidosis
2) hypoglycaemia
3) retinopathy
4) pre-eclampsia

65
Q

List 6 foetal risks associated with diabetes during pregnancy.

A

1) miscarriage
2) prematurity
3) still birth
4) macrosomia
4) foetal abnormalities
5) hypoglycaemia
6) respiratory distress

66
Q

List 3 drugs used for diabetes mellitus during pregnancy.

A

1) insulin (basal bolus regime)
2) metformin
3) glibenclamide

67
Q

List 4 maternal risks associated with chronic kidney disease during pregnancy.

A

1) severe hypertension
2) renal function deterioration
3) pre-eclampsia
4) Caesarean section

68
Q

List 4 foetal risks associated with diabetes during pregnancy.

A

1) prematurity
2) stillbirth
3) growth restriction
4) foetal abnormalities (iatrogenic)

69
Q

List 4 factors that determine the outcome of a pregnancy for a mother with chronic kidney disease.

A

1) degree of renal dysfunction
2) blood pressure
3) creatinine level
4) proteinuria

70
Q

How does seizure frequency change during pregnancy?

A

Increases, 25-33%.

71
Q

Why is SUDEP more common during pregnancy?

A

Increased likelihood of non-compliance to anticonvulsants due to fear of harming baby.

72
Q

List 2 foetal risks associated with epilepsy during pregnancy.

A

1) foetal abnormality (iatrogenic)

2) hypoxia (associated with maternal seizures

73
Q

How do you manage epilepsy during pregnancy? (5)

A

1) high dose folic acid
2) screen for foetal abnormalities
3) control seizures
4) plan for delivery (paint relief)
5) avoid prolonged labour

74
Q

List 5 risks of in utero exposure to valproate. (7)

A

1) spina bifida
2) atrial septal defect
3) cleft palate
4) hypospadias
5) polydactyly
6) reduced IQ
7) autistic spectrum disorder

75
Q

List 3 risk factors for thromboembolism in pregnancy.

A

1) maternal age
2) BMI
3) operative delivery

76
Q

What is the VTE of choice during pregnancy?

A

Low molecular weight heparin.

Phase 3a - Women Health (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions