Pregnancy Flashcards
When do the terminal villi form?
▪️20 weeks
When does the fetal skin become impermeable?
▪️16 weeks
Amniotic fluid
▪️produced by fetal urine
▪️swallowed and bathes lungs
▪️increases to peak of 800ml at 30 weeks
▪️reduces to 400ml at 40/42 weeks
Limb formation
▪️4-13 weeks
▪️fetal movements from 16-24 weeks and increases from 25 weeks
When is suckling observed in an foetus?
▪️17 weeks
When does hair begin to grow in a foetus?
▪️20 weeks
When is rotation and herniation of the gut complete?
▪️12 weeks
When do kidneys begin to produce urine?
▪️16 weeks
Renal development complete at?
▪️36 weeks
When does external genitalia appear?
▪️12 weeks
Primiparous
▪️fist pregnancy
Multiparous
▪️subsequent pregnancies
Gradidity
▪️number of times been pregnant
Parity
▪️number of pregnancies beyond 20 weeks
G3P1
▪️G- gravidity, been pregnant 3 times
▪️P- parity, 1 pregenacy beyond 20 weeks
3 Trimesters
▪️1- <12 weeks
▪️2- 12-24weeks
▪️3- >24 weeks
▪️term 37-40 weeks
▪️preterm <37 weeks
▪️post term >40 weeks
-pregnancies not allowed to go beyond 42 weeks
Calculating an estimated due date (EDD)
▪️LMP- last menstrual period
▪️CRL- cranial rump length
Nutritional advice for pregnant women
▪️folic acid 400mcg - prevents spina bifida
▪️multivitamins- not VA- toxic in excessive amounts
▪️minimal increase in calories (300Kcal)
▪️stop smoking and alcohol
Physiological changes in pregnancy
▪️Resp -increased tidal vol, respiratory rate -max inspiratory vol in 3rd rimester reduced ▪️GI -delayed gut motility -constipation -increased ALP (release of phosphate for mineralisation of bone) ▪️Renal -increased blood flow, GFR -proteinuria <30mg -glycosuria ▪️skeletal -osteopenia -increased osteoblasts activity ▪️CVS -increased HR, SV, CO, blood volume -common iron deficiency
Hormonal changes of pregnancy
▪️progesterone
-uterine dormancy
-thickens cervical mucus
▪️oestrogen
-thickens vaginal epithelium and vaginal discharge (acidic)
-increases prostaglandin production and oxytocin receptors
▪️relaxin
-softens ligaments/ joints instability (relax pelvis for labour)
-vasodilation
When does labour start?
▪️painful uterine contraction >1in 10 minutes
▪️descent of the presenting part of foetus
Oxytocin receptor and Calcium importance in labour
▪️up regulates calcium channels
▪️calcium influx tracellular release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) causing smooth muscle contraction
Stages of labour
▪️1st -latent phase- up to 3cm dilated -active phase- from 3cm to 10cm ▪️2nd -from full dilation to delivery of foetus ▪️3rd -from birth to delivery of placenta
Breast and lactation
▪️oestrogen promotes fat deposition and glandular ducts
▪️progesterone and hPL increases alveoli
▪️prolactin increases in pregnancy but it affects are inhibited by oestrogen
▪️after birth oestrogen and progesterone levels fall therefore lifting the inhibition
▪️suckling stimulates prolactin and oxytocin release
-P-promotes alveoli filling with milk
-O-causes ejection of milk
