pregnancy Flashcards
goodell sign
softening of cervix
chadwick sign
deep purple/red, bluish discoloration of mucus membranes of cervix, vagina and vulva due to increased vasocongestion pelvic vessels; due to estrogen and progesterone
Hegar sign
softening of isthmus of uterus, area between cervix and body of the uterus, which occurs at 6-8 weeks of pregnancy
GTPAL
gravity; total number of pregnancies
T; number of infants born at term ( 37 or more weeks)
P: number of infants born prematurely ( after 2o weeks but before weeks gestation)
A: number of pregnancies ending in abortion before 20 weeks
L: number of children currently alive to whom the women has given birth
womens vital signs during pregnancy
pulse increases by 10-15 beats per minute
bp decreases slightly during pregnancy, reaching lowest point in second semester
BP gradually increases during 3rd trimester and is near nonpregnant level almost due
What do we mean by the term quickening
mothers preception of fetal movement which can occur between 16-22 weeks
what is linea nigra
a pigmented line on the abdomen from hormonal changes
what is ballottement
passive fetal movement elicited by pushing up
what are the function of progesterone
- maintains the endometrium and also inhibits spontaneous uterine contractility
helps develop the acini and lobules of the breasts in preparation for lactation
what are the function of estrogen
- stimulates uterine development to provide a suitable environment for the fetus
- it also helps develop the ductal system of breasts in preparation for lactation
what are the functions of relaxin
- inhibits uterine activity, diminishes uterine strength of uterine contractions, softening the cervix, and has the long-term effects of remodeling collagen
breast changes
- increase in size and mammary glands
- colostrum an antibody rich yellow secretion is produced
- colostrum gradually converts to mature milk during the first few days
Gastro-intestinal changes
- N/V
- acid reflux
- numerous symptoms attributed to the pressure exerted on the GI by the uterus
Maternal respiratory changes
- pregnancy induces a small degree of hyperventilation as tidal volume increases by 30-40% during pregnancy
maternal cardiovascular change
- blood volume increases throughout pregnancy
- femoral venous pressure slowly rises as the uterus exerts increasing pressure on return blood flow
- there is an increased tendency towards stagnation of blood flow in lower extremities, leads to dependent edema and tendency for varicose veins formation in the legs, vulva, and rectum in pregnancy
what is oligohydraminos
- less than normal of amniotic fluids
- found in post maturity, intrauterine growth restriction, secondary placental insufficiency, and fetal conditions with major renal malformations
pre-eclampsia
-S/S; edema, maternal vasopasm, increasing edema; generalized
-worsening headache, epigastric pain, visual disturbances, decreased urine output
N/V
mild HTN
-BP 140/90 mmHg or higher prior to pregnancy or before 20 weeks of gestation and persists for 12 or more weeks
severe pre-eclampsia
-160/110 mmhg or higher on two occasions atleast 6 hrs apart while women is on bedrest
pre-eclampsia maternal outcomes
-hyperreflexia
-headache
-eclamptic seizure intracerebral hemorrheage
HTN
-increase risk of abruption placentae
-stroke
pre-eclampsia neonatal outcomes
- infants are SGA
- premature birth
- hypermagnesemia
- increase risk of fetal mortality
- fetal growth restriction
chronic with superimposed pre-eclampsia
transient elevation of BP for the first time midpregnancy without proteinuria or other signs of pre-eclampsia
gestational HTN
if pre-eclampsia doe not occur and BP returns to normal by 12 weeks postpartum the diagnosis of gestational HTN may be assigned
gestational diabetes
- glucose intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
- may cause increase in amniotic fluid
- ketoacidosis
- difficult labour can also occur
- worsening of retinopathy
