pregnancy

Question 1

goodell sign

Answer 1

softening of cervix

Question 2

chadwick sign

Answer 2

deep purple/red, bluish discoloration of mucus membranes of cervix, vagina and vulva due to increased vasocongestion pelvic vessels; due to estrogen and progesterone

Question 3

Hegar sign

Answer 3

softening of isthmus of uterus, area between cervix and body of the uterus, which occurs at 6-8 weeks of pregnancy

Question 4

GTPAL

Answer 4

gravity; total number of pregnancies
T; number of infants born at term ( 37 or more weeks)
P: number of infants born prematurely ( after 2o weeks but before weeks gestation)
A: number of pregnancies ending in abortion before 20 weeks
L: number of children currently alive to whom the women has given birth

Question 5

womens vital signs during pregnancy

Answer 5

pulse increases by 10-15 beats per minute
bp decreases slightly during pregnancy, reaching lowest point in second semester
BP gradually increases during 3rd trimester and is near nonpregnant level almost due

Question 6

What do we mean by the term quickening

Answer 6

mothers preception of fetal movement which can occur between 16-22 weeks

Question 7

what is linea nigra

Answer 7

a pigmented line on the abdomen from hormonal changes

Question 8

what is ballottement

Answer 8

passive fetal movement elicited by pushing up

Question 9

what are the function of progesterone

Answer 9

• maintains the endometrium and also inhibits spontaneous uterine contractility
  helps develop the acini and lobules of the breasts in preparation for lactation

Question 10

what are the function of estrogen

Answer 10

• stimulates uterine development to provide a suitable environment for the fetus
• it also helps develop the ductal system of breasts in preparation for lactation

Question 11

what are the functions of relaxin

Answer 11

• inhibits uterine activity, diminishes uterine strength of uterine contractions, softening the cervix, and has the long-term effects of remodeling collagen

Question 12

breast changes

Answer 12

• increase in size and mammary glands
• colostrum an antibody rich yellow secretion is produced
• colostrum gradually converts to mature milk during the first few days

Question 13

Gastro-intestinal changes

Answer 13

• N/V
• acid reflux
• numerous symptoms attributed to the pressure exerted on the GI by the uterus

Question 14

Maternal respiratory changes

Answer 14

• pregnancy induces a small degree of hyperventilation as tidal volume increases by 30-40% during pregnancy

Question 15

maternal cardiovascular change

Answer 15

• blood volume increases throughout pregnancy
• femoral venous pressure slowly rises as the uterus exerts increasing pressure on return blood flow
• there is an increased tendency towards stagnation of blood flow in lower extremities, leads to dependent edema and tendency for varicose veins formation in the legs, vulva, and rectum in pregnancy

Question 16

what is oligohydraminos

Answer 16

• less than normal of amniotic fluids
• found in post maturity, intrauterine growth restriction, secondary placental insufficiency, and fetal conditions with major renal malformations

Question 17

pre-eclampsia

Answer 17

-S/S; edema, maternal vasopasm, increasing edema; generalized
-worsening headache, epigastric pain, visual disturbances, decreased urine output
N/V

Question 18

mild HTN

Answer 18

-BP 140/90 mmHg or higher prior to pregnancy or before 20 weeks of gestation and persists for 12 or more weeks

Question 19

severe pre-eclampsia

Answer 19

-160/110 mmhg or higher on two occasions atleast 6 hrs apart while women is on bedrest

Question 20

pre-eclampsia maternal outcomes

Answer 20

-hyperreflexia
-headache
-eclamptic seizure intracerebral hemorrheage
HTN
-increase risk of abruption placentae
-stroke

Question 21

pre-eclampsia neonatal outcomes

Answer 21

• infants are SGA
• premature birth
• hypermagnesemia
• increase risk of fetal mortality
• fetal growth restriction

Question 22

chronic with superimposed pre-eclampsia

Answer 22

transient elevation of BP for the first time midpregnancy without proteinuria or other signs of pre-eclampsia

Question 23

gestational HTN

Answer 23

if pre-eclampsia doe not occur and BP returns to normal by 12 weeks postpartum the diagnosis of gestational HTN may be assigned

Question 24

gestational diabetes

Answer 24

• glucose intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
• may cause increase in amniotic fluid
• ketoacidosis
• difficult labour can also occur
• worsening of retinopathy

Question 25

GD neonatal outcomes

Answer 25

• congenital anomalies, heart, CNS, skeletal system
• macrosomia
• intrauterine growth restriction
• respiratory distress syndrome
• polycythemia
• hyperbilirubinemia
• hypocalcemia

Question 26

signs of preterm labour-

Answer 26

• back pain
  -abdomen pain
  -pelvis pain
  menstrual like cramps
  -vaginal bleeding discharge
  pelvic pressure
  urinary frequency
  diarrhea
  uterine contractions every 10min without pain
  causes a miscarriage

Question 27

fetal outcomes with preterm labour

Answer 27

• fetal mortality
• maturational deficiencies
• lack of development of resp distress
• prematurity

Question 28

causes of placenta previa

Answer 28

• multiple fetuses in uterus
• age 35 or older
• smoke
• use of cocaine

Question 29

causes of placental abruption

Answer 29

• cocaine during pregnancy
• smoking
• age 35 or older
• HTN or pre-eclampsia
• previous placental abruption
• trauma