Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the conditions for females during or to do with menstrual cycle

A

Amenorrhea

  • Failure to start to menstruate by 15 years old
  • Cessation of menstrual cycle for <6months

Dysmenorrhea
- Painful menstrual cycle

Menorrhage
-Increase in menstruation

Metorrhage
- Bleeding in-between periods

Oligomenorrhea
- Infrequent periods

Polymenoorrhea
- More frequent periods

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2
Q

Whats are the phases of the menstrual cycle

A

6-12 days = Pre ovulation phase

  • New egg matures
  • Lining of the uterus begins to thicken

13-15 days = Ovulation phase

  • Ovulation
  • Egg is released

16-28 days = Past Ovulation phase

  • Egg travels to the uterus and if not fertilised, dissolves
  • Lining of the uterus continues to thicken

1-5 days = Menstration

  • Your period
  • Lining of the uterus sheds
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3
Q

What does Oestrogen do

A
  • Prepares the uterine wall for implant
  • Promotes female development
  • Breast tissue
  • Voice
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4
Q

What does Progesterone do

A
  • Pumps up blood in the uterus walls with nutrients ready for the egg
  • Maintains pregnancy “prevents’ any further implant by increasing the mucus membrane and making the atmosphere inhospitable to sperm, and increases basel metabolic rate
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5
Q

How does the Pill stop fertilisation

A
  • The pill is made of Oestrogen and Progesterone which causes a constant levels of these drugs it inhibits the production of LH causing.
  • No follicular development
  • No ovulation
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6
Q

Explain the positive feedback mechanism and oxytocin during labour

A
  • Oxytocin is produced but the hypothalamus and stimulates uterine contractions
  • Promotes lactation
  • Baby pushes against the cervix causing it to stretch, stretch receptors pick this up and send a signal down the ANS to pituitary glands to release oxytocin
  • Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract
  • And the cycle repeats itself
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7
Q

What is the agents called that suppress uterine contractions in order to reduce preterm birth

A
  • Tocolytics
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8
Q

Describe some of the physiological changes that happen during pregnancy

Cardiac

Respiratory

Haematological

Digestive

Other

A

Cardiac

  • Cardiac Output increase 50%
  • Stroke volume increase 35%
  • HR increase 15-25%
  • Increased oestrogen and progesterone cause vasodilation
  • Left ventricle hypotrophy but this is only temporary
  • Enlarged uterus compresses Vena Cava reducing venous return
  • Capillary oedema

Respiratory

  • Lungs need to work 50% harder
  • Growing uterus causes everything to push upwards causing less space for the lungs to expand
  • Reduced residual volume
  • Increase Resp rate

Haematological

  • Increase in blood volume
  • Decrease in Haemocrit
  • Increase in WBC
  • Increase in coagulation

Digestive

  • Increase in appetite to the baby needs for nutrients
  • Compression of aorta causes Kidney and uterine perfusion
  • Constipation
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9
Q

What are the terms for pregnancy in weeks

A
  • Preterm 0-36 wks
  • Early 37-38 wks
  • Full term 39-41 wks
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10
Q

Define the job and function of the uterine wall

A
  • Endometrium is highly vascular
  • Myometrium
    3 layers of smooth muscle
    Thicker at the fondus
    Thin at cervix
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11
Q

Define the fallopian tube

A
  • 10 cm in length
  • Provides route for sperm
  • Lined with collated epithelium
  • Prone to scar from Std
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12
Q

What is the definition of ectopic pregnancy, the signs and symptoms and management

A
  • Foetal development outside the uterus
  • Progressive abdo pain
  • LMP >4-6weeks
  • Referred shoulder pain
  • Entonox
  • Paracetamol
  • Morphine
  • Metoclopramide
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13
Q

What is the definition of miscarriage , the signs and symptoms and management

A
  • Loss of pregnancy before 23 wks
  • LMP >4-6wks
  • Uterine cramps
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Foetal product
  • Pain relief
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14
Q

What is the definition of Placenta previa, the signs and symptoms and management

A
  • Complete or partial obstruction of the cervical canal by the placenta
  • Severe haemorrhage on labour, can be painless bleeding
  • Allow for delivery to progress in McRoberts position
  • Pain relief ?TXA
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15
Q

What is the definition of Placenta Abruptia, the signs and symptoms and management

A
  • Partial separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
  • Severe acute onset of abode pain, and signs of hypovoleamic shock
  • Pain relief
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16
Q

What is the definition of Cord prolapse, the signs and symptoms and management

A
  • Breech
  • Multiple births
  • pre term
  • Replace cord in vagina, keep cord warm and moist
  • position on all fours
  • Pain relief
  • Time critical
17
Q

What is the definition of Eclampsia, the signs and symptoms and management

A
  • Pre eclampsia is pregnancy induced hypertension, protein urea or seizures
  • Mild pre eclampsia
  • Progressive oedema
  • Headache
  • Keep quiet
  • Diazepam
  • Time critical
18
Q

Any bleed upto 24hrs after birth with a loss of 500ml is known as

A
  • Postpartum Haemorrhage
19
Q

During pregnancy woman become more coagulant, why is this

A
  • Stop excessive bleeding during the birth process
20
Q

Describe the Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle

A
  • The Pituitary Gland releases two hormones
  • FSH and LH, when this reaches the overies it stimulates the eggs to grow and mature
  • The follicles respond by producing oestrogen causing the eggs to grow, as they grow the Oestrogen levels peak
  • This peak in oestrogen inhibits FSH and the pituitary gland then pumps out more LH
  • This increase in LH causes the egg to be released and move away from the ovaries, Ovulation
  • Egg has a small 24 hr window for fertilisation
  • Meanwhile the empty cell releases Progesterone, this tells the uterus to pump up with extra blood and nutrients ready for a fertilised egg.
  • After a few days if no fertilised egg attaches to the uterus wall the levels of Oestrogen and progesterone drop causing the wall to fall away, Period