Pregnancy Flashcards
For the male testes to function properly, what is the temperature the scrotum must be at and for what reason
93.6° F, for normal sperm production and development; sperm cannot be produced at a temperature higher or lower
What is the first sign of female sexual maturation
Breast development
What is the first sign of male sexual maturation
Testicular and penis growth
5 female sexual health problems
- Vaginitis - inflammation of the vagina
- Vulvodynia – chronic and unexplained vulvar pain
- Endometriosis – growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus
- PID – infection of the uterus, oviducts, or ovaries
- Dyspareunia – painful intercourse
5 male sexual health problems
- Prostatitis – inflammation or infection of prostate gland
- Prostate cancer – second most common cancer in men
- Testicular cancer – rare cancer, occurring mostly in 20’s and 30’s
- Epididymitis – inflammation of the epididymis due to infection
- Testicular torsion – spermatic cord becomes twisted
How long does it take for the egg to travel through the fallopian
tubes and, if fertilized, what happens?
3-4 days, attaches to the lining of the uterus
When a fertilized egg is implanted, what hormone tells a woman that she is pregnant?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
The uterus sinks about 2 inches and the baby settles into the pelvic region. What is this called?
Sinking
Quadruple marker screen (QMS)
Maternal blood test for hormone levels
Ultrasonography
High frequency sound waves to see physical disability
Amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid removal from the uterus
What is the main thing that happens during the 2nd stage of labor?
Delivery of the baby
What is the main thing that happens during the 3rd stage of labor?
Delivery of placenta
Reasons why a woman might have a cesarean section
Baby’s head too large
Baby in breach position
Mother has a serious health condition
Mother who is overweight or diabetic
Abnormal or difficult labor
Fetal distress
Dangerous infections, such as herpes
Gonads
Primary reproductive organs, developed at the 8th week of fetal life
What sex hormones do gonads produce?
Testosterone (male)
Estrogen & progesterone (female)
Differentiation of the embryo
Determined by genetics, and influenced by the presence or absence of testosterone
Female menstrual cycle
- Menses: days 1-5
- Estrogenic phase: days 6-13
- Ovulation phase: day 14
- Progestational phase: days 15-27
Menopause
Ovaries gradually cease functioning, decreasing estrogen
*Physical symptoms: hot flashes, vaginal dryness, night sweats, insomnia, mood changes, bone loss
*Increased risk of diseases: heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis
Sexual/physical stimulation
Arousal through the senses, especially touching
Phases of sexual response cycle - 4 phases
- Excitement phase
- Plateau phase
- Orgasmic phase
- Resolution phase (relaxation)
Treatment for sexual dysfunctions
Drug & behavioral therapy OR relaxation & massage techniques
Preconception care
Healthcare in preparation for pregnancy. Should include assessment of health risks, promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviors, and any treatment needed to reduce risk
Conception process & chromosomal count
Combining of 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs match, 23rd pair determines sex)
Ways of treating infertility
- Intrauterine insemination: artificial intrauterine insemination, sperm placed directly into vagina/uterus
- IVF (uterus), GIFT, ZIFT (tubes) all involve taking out woman’s egg
Pregnancy stages/tests
13 week trimesters
Tests: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Hormone produced by implanted fertilized egg
How much does blood volume increase by during pregnancy?
Increases 50%
Importance of prenatal care involves:
- Checkups every month
- Blood tests for blood type and Rh factor
- Avoid drugs and environmental hazards
Ectopic pregnancy
Fertilized egg implants and develops in fallopian tube
What percent of mothers breast feed?
22%
When does lactation begin?
3 days after child birth
What is colostrum?
Prior to lactation, contains antibodies that protect the newborn from infectious diseases, also high in protein
Chorionic villus sampling
Removal of tiny section of chorionic villi
