Prefixes Flashcards
1
Q
1.
All of these cards are prefixes indicating the number of carbons in a chain
A
2
Q
Meth =
A
1 carbon in a chain
3
Q
Eth =
A
2 carbons in a chain
4
Q
Prop =
A
3 carbons in a chain
5
Q
but =
A
4 carbons in a chain
6
Q
pent =
A
5 carbons in a chain
7
Q
hex =
A
6 carbons in a chain
8
Q
hept =
A
7 carbons in a chain
9
Q
oct =
A
8 carbons in a chain
10
Q
non =
A
9 carbons in a chain
11
Q
dec =
A
10 carbons in a chain
12
Q
What are alkanes?
* when properly named what do their names end in?
A
Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen and single bonds
names always end in “ane”
The number of carbons in a chain is indicated by a specific prefix in the proper name of the compound (those prefixes in this deck)
13
Q
The chain of carbons in the alkane is called
A
Alkyl
14
Q
If you’re trying to name the alkyl chain in an alkane and there are two of the same size you use the prefix
A
di
15
Q
If you’re trying to name the alkyl chain in an alkane and there are 3 of the same size you use the prefix
A
tri
16
Q
If you’re trying to name the alkyl chain in an alkane and there are 4 of the same size you use the prefix
A
tetra
17
Q
If you’re trying to name the alkyl chain in an alkane and there are 5 of the same size you use the prefix
A
penta
18
Q
If you’re trying to name the alkyl chain in an alkane and there are 6 of the same size you use the prefix
A
hexa
19
Q
Any feature other than an alkyl chain is called
A
Functional group (I think its the same thing as the subsituents)
* Think of a regular hydrocarbon as the framework on which the structure is built
20
Q
Do reactions take place in the alkyl chains or the functional groups?
A
Functional groups
* NOTE: functional groups are also distingushing features found in different places around this framework
21
Q
Homoatomic functional groups contain only carbon and hydrogen. How do they differ from alkyl chains?
A
They have multiple C-C bonding
* meaning carbon can double and triple bond to itself
22
Q
C=C functional group is a subclass og homoatomic functional groups. Whats its specific name?
* whats another term for this
* are these saturated or unsaturated
A
Alkene (meaning its a C double bonded to another C)
olefin also means alkene
* Unsaturated or olefinic hydrocarbons contain double bonds
* they’re unstaureated because they arent holding the max number of atoms (because they’re double bonded together, stopping its carrying capcity)
some of these functional groups
23
Q
What suffix is used when naming alkenes?
A
ene
(remember alkanes was ane)
remember an alkene is a hydrocarbon that contains a C=C bond
24
Q
Note alkanes keep the same prefixes (methyl etc…)
A
25
Name this alkene
The double bond is between carbons 1 and 2 but you need to pick the lower number
1-butene
* notice its ene and not ane because its a alkene (meaning it has C=C somewhere)
26
name this alkene
**You want the number to be as low as possible so count from R --> L**
2-pentene
27
Name this alkene
* remember, they're always alkenes instead of alkanes if there is a double bond between carbons
if you count from the R or L the alkene is going to be on carbon 3
however, if we counted from the L-->R the methyl is going to be on carbon 2. So do it this way
2-methyl-3-hexene
* start with the subsituent --> the 2 denotes its position
* then put 3 because thats where the alkene is
* notice the suffix is ene not ane
28
name this alkene
Doesnt matter which way you number
however, because we have 2 double bonds we need ot add the suffix diene
1,3-Butadiene
* buta because of the 4 carbons
* di because theres 2 double bonds
* ene because its an alkene (because its not fully saturated and has double bonds)
29
name this alkene
I'm pretty sure im counting in the direction to minimize how high the numbers are on the double bonds - and caring less about the subsituiaries
Lead w/ the subsituaries
3-Methyl-1,5-Heptadiene
* 3-Methyl = because the methyl is on the third carbon - always lead with this
* 1,5 = which carbons the double bonds are - note you start from the smaller number when counting these (if its between carbon 1 and 2 you say 1)
* Hepta = how many carbons are in the alkene
* diene = denoates 2 double bonds
* Note you lead with that hepta (which is kind of weird) then put the diene after because there are 2 double bonds
30
name this alkene
NOTE: if you only have 1 double bond in a wring its automatically assumed to be carbon 1 because you could flip the wring any direction and get it whereever you want
Remember w/ rings w/ use the prefix cyclo
This is cyclohexene
* Cyclo - because its a wring
* Hex - because theres 6 carbons
* ene - because theres a double bond, making it an alkene
You wouldnt write 1-cyclohexene because if theres only 1 double bond in a ring we can flip it to be whereveer we want, meaning saying its on carbon 1 is usless
whenever the double bond is on carbon 1 we don't have to add a 1, this is true even when there are other subsituents involved
31
Name this molecule
**The double bond has more priority than the methyl group when numbering**
* that seems to be a common thread through all the alkenes
* We want the double bonds to have the lowest numbers
7-bromo-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene
* 7 because the bromine is on carbon 7 and its a methyl
* 1,3,5 are where the double bonds are
* cyclo because its a circle
* Hepta because theres 7 carbons
* tri because theres 3 total double bonds
* ene because its an alkene
32
Name this alkene
Remember to start w/ the methyl in the name
* however when numbering the double bonds have more priority to have lower numbers than the subsituaries
2-Methyl-2-Pentene
* 2-Methyl - because it was a methyl on carbon 2
* 2-Pentene - because the double bond was on carbon 2, and the carbon chain is 5 long (pent) and ene denoates its an alkene
33
name this alkene
This one is a little tircky because we have to remember that when theres only one double bond in a circle we don't give it the 1, we just leave that off entirely
1-methyl-cyclohexene
* 1-methyl - this part always comes first - its which carbon the subsituary (single carbon) is
* **cyclo - always leads off the long word at the end if theres a carbon ring in it**
* Hex = 6 carbons in the longest chain
* ene = denoates that its an alkene (because theres a C=C double bond in it)
34
Name this alkene
Remember, I care most about the double bond being the lowest numbers, the subsituaries are an after thought
2,4,6-Trimethyl-2-Heptene
* 2,4,6 denote the position of the methyl groups in the molecule
* **Tri indicates that there are 3 total methyl groups (thats the weird part here) followed by methyl to show that these are methyls**
* 2 - shows where the double bond is
* Heptene - shows that its a 7 carbon alkene
35
Carbon triple bonded to carbon is called
alkyne
C-C = alkane
C=C = alkene
C tripple C = alkyne
Acetylenic hydrocarbons or alkynes are compounds that contain C-C triple bonds. These compounds are also examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons (because the carbons arent bonding to as many molecuels as they can - they're tripple bonding)
An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contains a C-C triple bond
* The suffix "yne" in the name indicates that the compound is an alkyne
36
Which one of these is considered saturated, alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes
alkanes - meaning their bonds are full and they're bonding to as many molecules as they can (no double or tripple bonds)
37
What are Acetylenic hydrocarbons?
Alkynes (C tripple C)
38
Name this hydrocarbon
cyclopentene
trick is remembering that when theres only a single double bond in a carbon wring that you don't need to name it
cyclo = carbon wring
pent = 5 carbons
ene = alkene
39
Name this hydrocarbon
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
So remember, the susbituiary continues to always come first
if there were double bonds they would come here
Cyclo comes second
Hex = 6 carbons
ane = alkane (meaning its fully saturated w/ C/H)
40
Name this hydrocarbon
Key is to understand that it is an alkyne (meaning it has a triple bond in it)
I can easily figure out that there are 6 carbons in it
3-Hexyne
* 3 because the triple bond is on carbon 3
* Hex = 6 carbons
* yne = alkyne (tripple bond in it somewhere)
41
Describe the gemoetry of any carbon in pentane
Tetrahedral
* tetrahedral = 4 bonds no lone pairs
42
Describe the geometries of the second carbon in 2-butene
Trigonal planar - because it makes 3 bonds (the double bond only counts as 1 bond - its like an electron grouping)
43
describe the geometry of the first carbon in 1-hexyne
Linear
Its 2 electron groups (one tripple bond and one single bond
44
What are arenes (aromatic compounds)
* what is the most common?
Appear to contain C=C bonds but they are very different from alkenes
* Most common = **benzene - so sometimes arenes are also just called benzenes**
Note: for these aromatics/arenes/benzene rings always appearas a ring w/ 6 carbons bound together w/ the double bonds placed 1 apart from eachother like shown below
* they can have different subsituionaies branching off of them though
45
Isomers
each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties
46
Benezene rings with two groups attahed are common enough that different terms are used to describe their isomers
* **The terms ortho-, meta- and para- are used only to describe the relationship between two groups around benezene, and not any other compund**
* These terms are sometimes abbreviated to o-, m-, or p-.
* Alternatively, two groups attached to benezene can simply be numbered in order to make it clear wheere they are - if more than two groups are attached, numbering is used; terms such as "ortho" no longer apply
Note that a benzene group is comsetimes called a phenyl group - it is not called a benzyl group, nor a benzoyl group. Those groups both contain a phenyl ring but they are not exactly the same
47
Name this aromatic
Methylbenzene
So for the benzene rings that just get the suffix benzene
Methyl leads like (the functional groups seem to always lead the names)
note - you dont have to number the carbons because theres only 1 subsituary
48
Name the aromatics
propylbenzene
note - you don't have to number the carbons because theres only 1 subsituary
49
Name the aromatics
1,2-dimethylbenzene
* 1,2 = because i numbered the carbons in order to get the lowest numbers for the functional groups (not worried about the bonds because its a benzene ring)
* Di = infront of methyl because theres 2 methyl subsituaries
* methyl = because they are single carbon subsituaries
* benezne because thats a benzene ring
50
Need to start by numbering the correct way to get the functional groups to be the lowest number --> not worried about getting the double bonds to be low because the take on the suffix benzene
1,3-DimethylBenzene
* 1,3 = the carbons that methyl is on
* Di = because theres 2 methyls
* methyl = 1 carbon subsituaries
* Benezene = because its a benzene ring
50
51
name this aromatic
So the tricky thing in this problem was knowing to try to get the numbers all to the lowest, not just worry about alphabetical order
* **when i first tried this problem i labeled ethyl as 1 because it started w/ E. Should not label with trying to get 1 to match alphabetical order. Should prioritize lowest numbers first - and if i can get alphabetical order to match up thats great.**
2-Ethyl-1,4-Dimethylbenzene
* 2 = the carbon ethyl was on
* 1,4 = carbon methyl was on
* when naming placed ethyl before dimethyl becuse im not including the prefix (di) in the alpahbetical order
* benezene = benzene ring
| should have di infront of methyl
52
What are heteroatomic functional groups?
Functional groups that contain atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
* hince hetero (different)
* so they can contain either just carbon or just hydrogen - they just can't contain both
53
Proably the most important set of heteroatomic functional groups (functional groups that dont contain hydrogen or carbon [hetero]) is the set that contains carbon-oxygen double bonds
* C=O group is called a carbonyl
* Carbonyl compounds all contain that carbonyl group
54
Carbonyl compounds all contain what?
C=O double bonds
55
There are two subsets of carbonyl compounds (C=O)
* what are they?
Regular carbonyls
Heteroatom-substituted carbonyls
56
Explain what regular carbonyls are
In regulr carbonyls, the carbon in the C=O group is attached only to carbon or hydrogen (hince its normal). Its not attached to additional heteroatoms such as nitrogen or oxygens
57
What are heteroatoms
atoms other than carbon
58
There are two kinds of regular carbonyls (C=O). In ketons, the carbonyl carbon is attached only to other carbons (making it normal because its not attached to another hetero atom). In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is attached to a hydrogen atom as well as a carbon (again its normal because its attached to either a carbon or hydrogen)
Aldehydes (part of the odour of almonds and chirries) have specific naming conentrions
* the suffix for the name of an aldehyde is "-al"
* * other than this it follows the rules that we have set for naming other organic compounds
below you can see the carbonyl group (C=O) is attached only to carbon and hydrogen - making it "normal"
| notice the regular carbonyl attached to the hydrogen and carbon
59
Ketones have specific naming convetions
* the suffix for the name of a ketone is "one"
* in the case of a ketone, the location of the carbonyl along the chain can be described with a number.
* other than this it follows the rules that we have set for naming other organic compounds
Below you can see the carbonyl group (C=O) is only attached to other carbons - making it "regular"
| notice the regular carbonyl - the carbonyl carbon is attached only to C
60
61
Name this compound
Notice the Carbonyl group first
62
what suffix do aldehydes get
-al
* take the place at the very end
63
What suffix do ketones get?
-one
64
This is an aldehyde
* remember this is a simple regular carbonyl compound (meaning it has C=O)
* **The carbonyl carbon is attached to H and C (non heteroatoms so it is regular)**
* the R below would be carbon attaching to that other carbon indicating that it is part of that larger branch structure
R = the hydrocarbon
65
This is a ketone. It has no hydrogens attached only th C=O and then the carbonyl carbon is attached to 2 other carbons in the main branch structure
66
name this compound
Well my first clue is the C=O group. So i know its carbonyl. Then i can see that the main carbonyl carbon is attached to hydrogen, oxygen, and the main chain (another carbon), meaning its regular and must be aldehyde
* so when that carbonyl carbon [the one double bonded] is attached to hydeogen, double bond to oxygen, and attached to the main structures carbon its automatically assumed that this is an aldehyde molecule.
* We use the suffix -al to denoate that its aldehyde (easy because its what aldehyde starts with)
Below its kind of tricky to realize its 4 carbons instead of 5 - but the hydrogen was drawn to at the end
This is butanal (added the al onto butan)
67
The name of this aldehyde is heptanal
* Notice the an shows that it is a alkane, while the al shows that its an aldehyde
* Normally in alkanes we can't have double bonds or anything but carbon and hydrogen - however, we don't count the aldehyde as part of the backbone so we can name it as an aldehyde
* ChatGPT says as long as the aprent group is all carbon, hydrogen, and single bonds its still considered an alkane
* In the one below the parent chain is haptane, it gets the suffix -al because of the aldehyde group
68
**name this molecule**
Start by identifying that its an aldehyde
**NOTE** The aldehyde is always carbon 1, so you wouldnt flip it to get the methyl to be the lower #
69
name this molecule
NOTE: the parent structure includes double bond(s) = alkene = -en
When I did this i forgot to name the bond. You take the lower number for either end of the bond. You have to name in this order because you prioritize the aldehyde group.
70
Name this compound
2,2-Dimethylhexanal
always start with the subsititories
2,2 = 2 methyl group on carbon 2
Di = 2 methel groups
Methyl = 1 carbon
Hex = 6 carbons
an = alkane (because theres only hydrogen, carbon and single bonds in the parent structure)
al = aldehyde (regular carbonyl double bond to oxygen, hydrogen and carbon from the parent structure [R])
71
Name this compound
Start by numbering
* remember, the carbon in the carbyl group (in this case its the keytone group) gets the first number.
* Then I numbered up so the methyl group could get the lowest number possible
2-methylcyclopentanone
* 2-methyl = the carbon the single carbon chain is on
* Cyclo - because its a ring of carbons (always listed before the chain of carbons is named)
* pent = 5 carbons in the parent chain
* an = alkane (meaning no double bonds, andonly hydrogens and carbons in the aprent structure)
* one = denoates its a ketone (because its got the carbonyl structure)
72
Name this structure
The only trick to this one is remembering that you have to name the carbon the keytone is on unless its on the first one
73
Name this compound
74
**name this compound**
again start by numbering the carbons starting at the aldehyde group (always prioritize this carbon - you want it to be number 1)
2,4-dimethyl-2-hexenal
* 2,4 = carbons where methyl is
* di = 2 methyls
* 2 = the carbon the double bond was on (again always picking the lower number) - I forgot to do this part
* Hex = 6 carbon chain
* en = alkene (meaning theres a double bond in the parent structure)
* al = aldehyde carbonyl (regular, bound to carbon, hydrogen, and double bound to oxygen)
Order of naming:
* subsituaries
* Bonds
* Cyclo if there is one
* Number of carbons in the parent chain
* alkane/Alkene/Alkyne
* carbonyl
75
Correct heteroatom definition = any atom other than carbon and hydrogen
* such as nitrogen, oxygen, or chlorine
76
What is a heteroatom-substituted carbonyl?
All have a heteroatom attached tot he carbonyl (C=O) carbon
* so unlike the regular that had either H or carbon attached to that C=O bond these have at least 1 heteroatom attached to it (attached tot he carbon somewhere)
Below
1) C=O has that O attachment making it heteroatom substituted carbonyls
2) C=O has an O attached (along w/ a hydrogen), however, all we need is one heteroatom attachment to make it heteroatom substituted carbonyls
3) lastly that C=O is attached to a nitrogen, making it heteroatom substituted
77
Another name for heteroatom-substituted carbonyls
carboxylic acid derivaties or carboxyloids
78
In carboxylic acids, the carbonyl carbon is attached to what group?
* what is that group often called?
Attached to an OH group
* OH group = called hydroxyl group
fatty acids and amino acids are examples of biological compounds that contain carboylic acids
79
Two biologically important carboxyloids are amids and esters
80
Is esters, where is the carbonyl carbon attached? --> C=O this carbon
attached to oxygen, like in a carboxylic acid. However, the oxygen is not attached to a hydrogen. The oxygen is attached to a carbon. The properties of esters differ enough from carboxylic acids that they are given a different name.
81
What are Glycerides?
Biological compounds that contain ester groups
These are in fats
82
In amides the carbonyl carbon is attached to
nitrogen
N-C=O
notice the C=O is attached to nitrogen
Unlike esters and carboxylic acids, it doesnt amtter whehter the nitrogen is attached to hydrogen or to another carbon. The presence of a hydrogen on the nitrogen changes the properties of the amide less dramatically than in esters and carboxylic acids
Because the amide does change subtly if there is a hydrogen attached tot he nitrogen, there is a way to describe the presece or absence of hydrogens. An amide with two hydrogens on the nitrogen is called a primary amide. The nitrogen is connected to only one (Latin for first: primus) carbon: the carbonly carbon. An amide w/ two carbons connected to the nitrogen is called a secondary admide (Latin for second: secondus). The nitrogen is connected to the carbonyl carbon and an alkyl carbon. An amide w/ three carbons connected toa nitrogen is called a tertiary amide. That nitrogen is conencted to a carbonyl carbon and two alkyl carbons
* An amide with two H attached to the N is a primary amide
* An amide w/ one H and one alkyl attached to the N a secondary amide
* An amide w/ two alkyl attached to the N is a tertiary amide
83
84
The suffix for a carboxylic acid = -oic acid
Esters really have a two part name. The first part describes the group attached to the enchained oxygen atom of the ester, with the suffix "-yl". The second part describes the portion that contains the carbonyl, with the suffix "-oate"
For an amide the suffix is "amide"
* However, other groups attached to the nitrogen are usually prefixed with "N-" this is a little like numbering the position of a group in previous examples, but this time it underscores that the group is attached to a nitrogen
85
86
87
Amids and esters are both carboxyloids, which means they are derivaties of carboxylic acids
88
This is a carboxylic Acid
has the carbonyl group attached to OH and the functional group
* Carbonyl is C=O
89
Name this carboxylic acid
This is named Hexanoic Acid
* Hex = 6 carbons in the chain
* an = alkane (because the parent strand has only single bonds and C/H)
* oic Acid --> denoates that its a carboxylic Acid/carboxyloid (we know this because the C=O attaches to an OH)
90
Name this
First notice that this is an Carboxylic acid (can tell because the carbonyl group is attached to OH)
Start counting from the carboylic acid
3-Pentenoic Acid
* 3 is the double bond position
* Pent = how many carbons in the parent chain
* en = alkenes = parent chain has a double bond
* oic acid - because the carbonyl group (C=O) is attached to the OH
91
