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GEOG 216 McNuggill > PreFinal > Flashcards

PreFinal Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of the resource Curse (6)

A 
Resource wealth
Slow growth
High poverty 
Poor governance 
Weak states 
Revolutions & conflicts
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2
Q

Econ symptoms of Resource Curse (4)

A

Boom (in resource sector) & Bust cycles
Deindustrialization
Inflation
Withering Agricultural sector

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3
Q

The cause of the Resource Curse is due to the resources caracteristics wich are :

A

Non-renewable
Appropriable ( point-source )
Owned by state
Low porduction cost and High value

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4
Q

3 causes of Income Volatility.

A
  • Commodity price variation
  • Rate of extraction
  • Timing of Receipt ( variation in gov payments modes)
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5
Q

The major consequence of Income Volatility is the Boom and Bust cycle, explain what it is :

A

Government borrow money for many projects (overaboundance) he started in the Boom but then has Debt in the Bust .

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6
Q

Rent seeking (profit - cost) leads to _____, _____, _____, _____.

A

Corruption, Overconsumption ( you subsidies people to keep you position of power ), Underinvestment in other sectors than resouces, Taxation.

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7
Q

What are the 4 economic causes of the Dutch Disease ?

A
  • Boom( investment ) vs nonboom sector (underinvestment)
  • Tradable vs nontradable
  • Ressource allocation effect
  • Spending effect
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8
Q

Definitions of Ressource Allocation Effect and Spending Effect in the econ causes of the Dutch disease.

A

Ressource allocation : shifting of capital and labor into the boom sector ( oil & nontradable )

Spending effect : Because the currency has appreciated people are buying stuff from oversea because it is cheaper

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9
Q

How differently does the Dutch Disease affects : 1. Industrialized countries 2.Developing countries

A
  1. Ind Countries have strong Legal System, strong Democracy and low corruption
  2. Devlping countries have higher corruption rate ofter dictatorship history and weak institutions. (ex: Nigeria )
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10
Q

Norway escaped the Dutch Disease with a social agreement in the center of their strategy they are giving back to people the money they harvested form the resources wit

A
  • sovereign wealth funds (invest elsewherein the
    world)
    • High taxation of oil profits
    • TRANSPARENT wage negotiations
    • protection of manufacturing sector because of
      their high money value they prefer to invest in
      knowledge
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11
Q

The main solutions to get out of dutch disease is (3)

A
  1. transparency & accountabilty 2. investment in other sector than the booming one (sovereign wealth funds)
  2. Direct distribution mechanisms
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12
Q

3 causes of rising food prices

A

1- oil prices
2- weather events
3- trade shocks ( when prices rise panic that we’re running out )

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13
Q

Spikes in food prices affect the production cost and the competition for land. What are the consequences of that ?

A

+ Greater policy attention
+ Food Riots/Revolts
+ Undernourishment & impovrishment

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14
Q 
What are the 3 drivers of food Demand ? 
Hints :
a- About preferences
b- From plant based to livestock
c- Supermarkets
A

a)Population increase
b)Dietary transition
c)Change in food retailing
( how food is sold affect what type of food is sold )
ex: cheap food in USA changing the competition

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15
Q

What being fat means in :
A) Developing countries
B) Industrialized countries

A

A) you are wealthy

B) you are unhealthy

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16
Q

Sources of growth for food supply.

A

extensification ( new land )
input intensification
increase total factor of productivity ( input/output )

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17
Q

Five big challenge for the food supply.

A

1) Crop yield and closing the yield gap
2) Climate change and crop yield
3) Dietary change
4) Food waste
5) World agricultural trade

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18
Q

We are buying land since the colonisation but what is different now ? (4)

A

size and frequency
new actors ( China, Malaysia, India, UAE )
New crops ( biofuels )
Vertical Integration of agribuisness ( land has a strategic value )

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19
Q

What are the drivers of the ruch to buy land ?

A

High food prices ( Striking in 2008 )
Competing land use ( because it becomes scarce)
Land is a god investment

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20
Q

Why land is a good investment ?

A

a) It’s an edge point against inflation
b) Income and appreciation value ( huge range of prices in the world )
c) Price of land isn’t related with the volatility of the stock market.

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21
Q

True of False People buy land for their agricultural value.

A

False It is primarly because it has the highestcapital growth

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22
Q

Wich continent is a focus for large scale acquisition ? It is the fact for Canada.

A

Africa

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23
Q

What can be a solution for the lack of information about the amount of land transaction ?

A

Transparency and the Land Matrix ( int’l land coalition that track land holding and verify what have been reported )

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24
Q

True or False The aquisition of land is in majority for food production.

A

False only 34 % of land acquisition is for food prod

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25
Q

Who are the main actors in land acquisition ? (3)

A

Nationals (urban elite, diaspora )
Regional foreign investors
Global foreign investors

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26
Q

What are the 5major concerns of land acquisition ?

A

Food security ( displacing food crops )
Mechanized large scale agr. don’t need a lot of labor
Locking out water
Big corporations buy the best land ( bad for smallholders )
Rich countries take land from poor vulnerable ( lack of governance ) contries.

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27
Q

What does large scale agriculture means in three points ?

A

Machinery use
Quick processing
Demanding production standards

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28
Q

What are the good concequence of becoming large scale agr. ?

A

Low labor input so good for places where there is a lack of labor
You have more market/political power
You have subsidies for farm technologies R&D
Easier access to credit and insurance

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29
Q

What can we do to reduce the land rush negative impacts ? (3)

A

Give a room to small farmers
Have a greater transparency in transactions ( ex : Blockchains )
Strenghtening land governance and better manage land investments

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30
Q

Why are we deforesting tropical forests ?

A

for new agricultural lands

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31
Q

Where tropical forest are deforested ?

A

North of South America
middle of Africa
South East Asia

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32
Q

What are the fourth kind of drivers of tropical deforestation ?

A

Proximate/ Underlying

Environmental explanation/ Political economy

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33
Q

(5) Environmental explanation of tropical deforestation.

A

1) Population ( more ppl less forest )
2) Innapropriate techs
3) no clear propriety rights
4) incomplete markets ( do not include externalities environmental cost )
5) weak institutions ( need of policies )

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34
Q

Political economic explanations of tropical deforestation (6)

A

1- sociopolitical structure of society
2- distribution of wealth
3- opportunities for capital accumulation
4- role of the state (ex: military to democratic)
5- int’l context, connections of markets
6- rise of civil society ( NGOs put pressure on gov )

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35
Q

How does the deforestation in Brazil have changed with time ?
1960-80 ________ to 1990-2000 _________ .

A 
Opening the amazon to Export oriented deforestation
importer to exporter of beef
economic problems( taking wealth form the amazon ) 
to major economic actor for soy and cattle
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36
Q

Is cattle the primarly reason of deforestation in Brazil ?

A

3/4 of deforestation is due to ranch cattle

BUT soy field are pushing the cattle further into the woods so it is an underlying cause.

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37
Q

Deforestation rates of the Brazilian amazon are falling Why ?

A

Rise of civil society and democracy
Climate change mitigation
Depopulation of indigenous people (diseases)

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38
Q

We replant many trees but is it really a recovery for tropical forest ? YE/NOP

A

NOP we replant where it is dry ( not tropical )

so the forest coming back are really different of those we are cutting down

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39
Q

Two Group of tropical forest people:

A

Amerindians and Folks ( metis )

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40
Q

What type of agriculture tropical forest ppl are doing ?

Traditional agriculture and Forest Harvesting sold in markets

A

Cash cropping : specialized in a particular product and they sell for profits ( peasant )

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41
Q

What do we mean by : forest peasants are generalists ?

A

livelihood: pluriactivity everyone is doing a little bit of everything

42
Q

How can we guess there is a high environmental diversity when we look at the forest peasant villages ?

A

We can guess by the different specialization of each distinct villages relative to their geography.

43
Q

Do forest ppl have all equal access to land, labor and crop seeds ? YEP/NO

A

NO all of those inputs have limited or no market
Land depends on their heritage or the geography and the labor
Labor is accessible like a work web. It’s cooperative and all about reciprocity
Crops Seeds are exchanged between households and tropical forest isn’t an aboundant reservoir of it.

44
Q

What is the pristine myth ?

A

the idea that nobody has ever touch a particular part of the forest because it is so big
But we have evidence of anthropogenic activities changing the forest with archeology in lanscape and black soil (terra preta soil )

45
Q

Is the traditional forest use of forest ppl Sustainable ?

A

Not necessarly
yeah they use low inputs but it depends of the nature of the output
ex: charcoal made of wood

46
Q

What does act as a safety net for the rain forest ppl ?

A

The Forest itself ( substenance, income smoothing )

Mostly Fish when a weather event occurs ( because a lot of migration when floods )

47
Q

Are environmental schokes bad for the poor ?

A

Of course disasters impact poorestpeople the moste but it is also an opportunity for change and restructuration to less inequalities

48
Q

Prior to WW2 most trade agreement are _______.

A

Bilateral

49
Q

in 1944 the first trade agreement is signed. It is called _______. It is there to reshape the postwar structure of World trade.

A

Bretton Woods

50
Q

What are the objectives of the Bretton Woods.

A

Stabilize int’l financial situation
and
Rebuild war damaged economy by fixing an exchange rate (gold USA)

51
Q

What institutions the Bretton Woods wants to establish.

A

Int’l Bank for reconstruction and development ( later the World Bank )
Int’l monetary funds ( never existed )

52
Q

1947 : creation of GATT ( General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs )
It operates through rouds of negociations setting an agenda in terms of binding tariffs ( toward trade liberalisation )
What it its goal ?

A

to reduce trade barriers/ tariffs by acting collectively

53
Q

With Gatt we pass from bilateral to ______ trade agreements.

A

Multilateral

54
Q

Does GATT focus on developing countries ? Yea/ No

A

No it is more focused on Industrialized countries but include developing as a geopolitical strategy to spread Capitalism,

55
Q

Provisional General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) become the ______.

A

World Trade Organisation ( WTO )

56
Q

What is new in WTO that wasn’t in GATT ? (+5)

A
  • Full-fledge ( À part entière ) int’l organization
  • Rules on trade and services
  • defined intellectual
  • property rights (TRIPs)
  • has a tribunal ( for affairs like unfair subsidies )
57
Q

In what year the DOHA Round appears ?

A

2001

58
Q

DOHA Round concern a major issue in int’l trade: the unfair competition in agricultural products.
What is the goal of DOHA Round ?

A

Reduce the government support (subsidies) of the agriculture sector.

59
Q

Did DOHA Round successfully acheived its goal ?

Ye/Na Give an exemple why.

A

No ex: Cancun 2003 Developed countries backtrack on their pledges ( promesses ) .

60
Q

To liberalize trade, Regional Trade Agreements include ___________, ________ and _______.

A

Free Trade Area, Customs union and Commun markets

61
Q

In Regional Trade agreement, Free trade Area (FTA) means that :

A

Tariffs free trade among member countries but those are still ableto make their own agreements with non-members

62
Q

True of False : NAFTA is an exemple of FTA.

A

True NAFTA is the world’s largest FTA guided by the principle of national treatment ( gov cannot discriminate on the basis of a firm’s nationality.

63
Q

What are the 3 major points included in NAFTA.

A

1) Elimination of tariffs by 1999/national treatment to foreign investments
2) Cultural Protection, trade restriction are GRANDFATHERED or have sunset clauses ( continue beyond their limit of time
3) Some good remain subject to non- tariffs trade restrictions

64
Q

In Regional Trade agreement, what Customs union has more than Free Trade Area (FTA) ?

A

Member countriesagree to establish a common trade policy with the rest of the world.

65
Q

MERCOSUR is part of ______ in the Regional Trade Agreement.

A

Customs union

66
Q

What as Commun markets ( part of Regional Trade Agreements ) more than Customs union?

A

Commun markets also has free movement of labor and capital

67
Q

What is the world’s largest exemple of Commun market ?

A

European Union

68
Q

What are the two latest Free Trade Agreement ?

A

CETA ( Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement ) FTA between CAN & EU (2004-2014)
and
TPP ( Trans Pacific Partnership ) world’s largest FTA including 12 countries (2008)

69
Q

What is the major problem we need to fix in Environmental Economy ?

A

How to put a value on natural resources.

70
Q

In the conventional economic approach nature is considered a ________ so is ________ of the economic system.

A

In the conventional economic approach nature is considered a commodity so is exogenous of the economic system.

71
Q

With the conventional economic approach how do we value Nature knowing that we consider it as a commodity ?

A

We value it through market exchange (demand/supply system)

72
Q

What are the Global stock market for:
Agriculture (2)
Metals (1)
Energy (1)

A

Agriculture 1) Chicago Mercantile exchange (meat prices) 2) Dalian commodity exchange (include plastic)
Metals : 1) London Metal Exchange (steel, computers, automobiles)
Energy : 1) New-York Mercantile Exchange (oil & precious metals)

73
Q

Trading at commodity exchange (markets) can be for ______ purchase or ______ deliveries at garanteed price. ( time )

A

Trading at commodity exchange (markets) can be for _immediate__ purchase or future deliveries at garanteed price.

74
Q

Conventional approch has a practical (good) aspect and 2 criticisms. What are those?

A

It is a good price setting mechanism (equilibrium)
But 1) anything that is not quantifiable isn’t included
and 2)economy is seen as separated from the natural world (treating nature as an object )

75
Q

There is two known/popular ways to make Nature Endogenous of the economic system. Name it.

A

Commodification of Nature

commodification of environmental degradation

76
Q

In Commodification of Nature, nature is considered a ______ of _____ . (provider/receiver) (outputs/inputs)

A

In Commodification of Nature, nature is considered a __provider_ of inputs.

77
Q

In Commodification of Environmental Degradation, nature is seen as a _____ of ____. (receiver/provider) (inputs/outputs)

A

In Commodification of Environmental Degradation, nature is seen as a receiver of outputs.

78
Q

In commodification of Nature how do we value natural resources ?

A

Valuation is based on the use value of nature or its exchange value.

79
Q

In Commodification of Environmental Degradation, How do we value the envr degreadation ? (2)

A

Valuation with
a) Markets trading emission credits ex: ( Kyoto, National (ERU), EU ( ETS) )

b)Growth of certification programs in resources industries. ( with the goal of showing eco-friendly nature of certain products )

80
Q

What are the 5 factors that determine the history and geography of nature commodification?

A
  1. Tech & science knowledge
  2. Economic circumpstances (proven resources)
  3. Location of raw material
  4. Post extraction geography ( ex: where we protect diamonds )
  5. Investments requirements (government)
81
Q

What are the 4 different kind of ownership in Commodification of Nature ? Because if you value nature by its eschange value someone needs to own it first but who ?

A

1- Communal access ( Fisheries )
2- State Ownership and exploitation (shared benefits: Hydroquebec)
3- State Ownership but Private exploitation (corps pay fees)
4- Private ownership and exploitation (Farmers)

82
Q

Stock Markets is where ______.

A

stocks ( shares ) are sold or bought.

83
Q

True/False : Stock Markets need to have a Physical floor.

A

False it is more and more likely that stock markets only exists Virtually.

84
Q

Why companies decides to sell parts of their ownership ? (3)

A

To be more Competitive. To raise Capital and to develop new R & D.

85
Q

In Stock markets, when buyers of share want their cash back they ____ their shares.

A

sell. It is contrary to debt.

86
Q

Until 1970 stock exchange are mostly oligo/monopolistic. Post 1970, with the globalization of the financial system Stock Exchanges are now Buisnesses. It has 3 concequences:
1____ 2_____3____

A

1__higher level of MultiNationalCorporations
2__It’s Harder to Regulate
3__There is Higher Competiition between the stock exchanges

87
Q

Stock Markets are open __/24H

A

24H

88
Q 
Top 10 of the world Stock Exchanges : 
N\_\_\_Y\_\_
NA\_\_\_\_
T\_\_\_\_
E\_\_\_N\_\_\_\_
L\_\_\_\_
H\_\_\_K\_\_\_
S\_\_\_\_
T\_\_\_\_\_
SHE\_\_\_\_
F\_\_\_\_
A 
NEW YORK (blue chips firms)
NASDAQ
TOKYO
EURONEXT
LONDON
HONGKONG
SHANGHAI
TORONTO
SHENZEN
FRANKFURT
89
Q

The world’s largest crisis happened in ____. The second biggest is in ____. (years)

A

The world’s largest crisis happened in __1929__. The second biggest is in __ 2007-2009__.

90
Q

The 2009 Financial crisis is called the ____.

A

Great Recession

91
Q

The collapse of housing markets because of the house price bubble and the risky funds of mortgages is the major causal factor of the Great Recession. What are the 4 others ?

A

1) Increased debt burden/ diminishing savings
2) Deregulation of banks/ more risk taking
3) Growing imbalance in world trade
4) Commodity bubble ( increasing oil prices )

92
Q

When can we call a financial crisis a Recession ?

A

When it has 2 consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth

93
Q

Wich countries escaped the Great Recession ?

A

Syria (oil)
India
China

94
Q

In the New Spacial Organisation of Post-Fordism what are the two Geographical Forces ? ____ with a greater concentration and ___ with a greater dispertion.

A

Local ( a) economic activity cluseter to benefit from agglomerationeconomies/Marshall b)localized industrial production complexes )
Global ( a) TNCs b) Financial flows c) Trade flows d) New institutions )

95
Q

GLOCALIZATION describes ______ movement of ______ and _______.

A

GLOCALIZATION describes dialectical movement of globalization and _localizations__.

96
Q

Recaling : we focus less on the nation state relations but on the connection between ____ .

A

big cities

97
Q

In The Wolrd City hypothesis Hall introduced it in 1966 by saying that cities are the center of ___, _____, ____ and dissemination.

A

trade, political power, knowledge creation

98
Q

In the World Cities Hypothesis Friedmann and Wolff added to Hall in 1982/1986 that we identify world cities based on what ?

A

their degree of enmeshment into the world econ activity.

99
Q

MNC did inventories of the New World cities seen as command and control centers of the global economy. this Index is called :

A

GAWC

Globalizaton And World Cities researsh network

100
Q

GAWC use 4 corporate services that as the dispersion of production and the concentration of advanced producers services necessary to manage and organize the disperion fo key economic activities. Whare are those.

A

1) Accountancy services
2) Advertizing agencies
3) Banking/financial services
4) legal services

101
Q

GAWC separate the ranking in three category.

A
  1. Alpha World Cities
  2. Beta World Cities ex : Toronto
  3. Gamma Wolrd Cities ex : Montreal
102
Q

Name the Alpha World cities (L,P,NY,T,C,F,HK,LA,M,S)

A

London, Paris, New-York, Tokyo, Chicago, Frankfurt, HongKong, Los-Angeles, Milan, Singapour.

GEOG 216 McNuggill (1 decks)

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