prefi 1.1 Flashcards
FIRST DEGREE FUSION:
SIMULTANEOUS PERCEPTION
(Sensory Fusion)
SECOND DEGREE FUSION:
FLAT FUSION
(Sensory Fusion)
THIRD DEGREE FUSION:
STEREOPSIS
(Sensory Fusion)
3 degrees of sensory fusion
simultaneous perception
flat fusion
stereopsis
In here, Px must see the targets with his left and right eye and
fuse and interpreted/perceived by the brain.
sensory fusion: 2nd degree fusion- SIMULTANEOUS PERCEPTION
Requires non-fusable targets with no contours or with non-similar contours seen with both eyes at the same time;
SIMULTANEOUS PERCEPTION
Examples of Simultanoues Perception (2):
● Cheiroscope
● Van Orden Star (VO Star)
what is the mirror called in Cheiroscope
septum
Requires fusable targets / within the range of motor ability, similar contours and same lateral separation.
SECOND DEGREE FUSION: FLAT FUSION
(Sensory Fusion)
Targets here are almost the same but the details are different.
Like here, OD: sees rabbit with flower, OS: rabbit with tail. If
Px is able to fuse, the px sees rabbit with flower and tail.
SECOND DEGREE FUSION: FLAT FUSION
(Sensory Fusion)
Also called stereoscopic fusion
THIRD DEGREE FUSION: STEREOPSIS
(Sensory Fusion)
binocular depth perception, requires binocular vision to perceive float (or object appears near to px), or ability to interpret Monocular cues
THIRD DEGREE FUSION: STEREOPSIS
(Sensory Fusion)
what does it mean when an image is floating?
it is nearer the patient
Targets are almost the same but difference is that the angle
looks different. If Px is able to fuse, there is FLOAT or DEPTH
(like tranaglyph)
THIRD DEGREE FUSION: STEREOPSIS
(Sensory Fusion)
Can be used in Biocular and Binocular
it uses polaroid glasses; no-color (gray) target
VECTOGRAMS
uses red-green glasses; red-green target
Tranaglyph
Train vergence at various levels of difficulty.
vectogram
vectogram Evaluates (3)
float
localization
SILO.
Trains vergences with large, easily fusible targets.
vectogram
Suppression controling in vectogram:
cross at top of ring
in vectogram If Px is able to fuse target, he must see a ____
cross
in vectogram, If Px sees vertical/horizontal, there is ____.
suppression
in vectogram If Px is able to fuse target, he will see ____
R on top then
L on the bottom.
in vectogram,
▪ If Px sees L only, there is OD __.
▪ If Px sees R only, there is OS ___
suppression
WHAT IS SILO:
Smaller IN, Larger OUT
SILO
- With Crossed targets, as you increase _____, target appears to get smaller, move in.
BO demand
SILO
- For BI/____targets, as you increase BI
demand, targets appear to get larger, move out.
Uncrossed
SI (Base Out demand) – we are inducing ____
Convergene → circle gets smaller → gets inner → gets nearer to px → appears more float
convergence
LO (Base In demand) – we are inducing____
Divergence → circle gets bigger → gets outer → gets farther to px → appears less float
divergence
We can induce convergence & divergence by
moving the ____
two plates
are used in vision therapy to practice seeing with both eyes while moving them together (converging) and apart (diverging)
Vectograms
Convergence - Fused target appears to float ____the actual target
ABOVE
Divergence - Fused target appears to float ___ the actual target
BEHIND
Different types of Vectograms (4)
- Quoit
- Clown
- Chicago skyline
- Mother-goose
is most common type of vectogram. You can perceive floating.
Quoit
Px has convergence insufficiency
what type of demand do we exercise?
BO
TESTS FOR STEREOACUITY (6)
● Stereofly
● Randot stereotest
● Random dot E stereo test
● Stereobutterfly
● Lang Stereo test (elephant,
star, etc)
● Frisbee (naked eye)
in Stereobutterfly, what part of the butterfly floats?
wings
type of fusion where CONVERGENCE & DIVERGENCE TRAINING
MOTOR FUSION
VT MOTOR FUSION SAMPLES (6)
ABBV TL
●Aperture Rule
●Brock String
●Barrel Convergence Card
●Vectograms
●Tranaglyph
●Life Saver Cards
This fusion has influence of extraocular muscles
motor fusion
- Training for px with convergence insufficiency
- We are training px to converge
-Gives us an idea to where our left and right eye is pointing (for localization)
BROCK STRING
is a vision therapy tool that gives immediate feedback whether a patient is using both eyes when focusing
near and far.
Brock string
Brock String trains convergence more but also can be used for
both esotropia and exotropia.
true
Why do esotropia need to exercise brock string?
In order for both eyes work.
brock string is Done either with or without correction.
true
*if px doesn’t see a string, meaning there is _____.
suppression
*if px cannot see red bead
instruct the patient to touch the bead
Purpose: convergence, divergence training (but more on CONVERGENCE)
Has transparent and opaque cards
LIFE SAVER CARDS
In performing life saver cards, we look at the ______ with the tip of the
pen in the ____of the red and
green targets.
Slowly move the target towards
you until you see ___ circles.
The red and green may ___
when it is nearer already.
bottom target
center
three
overlap
- Available in clear or opaque background.
- No glasses required.
life saver card
in life saver cards, Demand for both BI and BO increases as you try to
___ wider separated targets or move the card ____
fuse
closer
Clear card (life saver card) best for ___and best at end of training
BI
Patient should see three lifesaver circles when ____.
fused
Stereopsis is noted by the middle circle being perceived closer for ___and further away for ___.
BO
BI
BRUCKNER
Darker reflex – ___ eye
Lighter reflex – _____eye
fixating
non fixating
- For convergence
- One side: red | other side: green
- We place the card between our eyes and then let the px fixate at the further colors.
- Red and green should fight.
BARREL CONVERGENCE CARDS
Training card has 3 red
targets printed in exact opposition to three green targets.
Convergence is jumped from
one target to the other.
BARREL CONVERGENCE CARDS
Procedure: Place barrel card vertically in between the eyes, so that all the red barrels are seen by one eye &
green barrels seen by other.
Focus & bring each set of
barrels into a ____
Single barrel
Help train vergence and accommodation simultaneously.
Train patients with shallow to moderate
suppression
APERTURE RULE
Procedure: Set up aperture rule trainer stand at comfortable height for patient. Place target slides on
____ at appropriate position & place either single or double aperture on trainer at indicated position.
Position patient’s ___ against one end of trainer & try to____ target into single, clear image.
Trainer
Nose
Fuse
Two Types of Apertures
- Single Aperture: Convergence (BO demand)
- Double Aperture: Divergence (BI demand)
type of aperture rule where viewed target must be fused to 1
Single Aperture: Convergence (BO demand)
type of aperture rule where viewed target seen must be 2
Double Aperture: Divergence (BI demand)
aperture rule must be ____. The Px must place his nose at the end
of the rule while viewing the target.
eye level
first degree targets are used to test and train (3)
Vertical phoria
Lateral phoria
Suppression
monocular cues (5)
PT VOS
parallax
texture
velocity
overlap,
shadowing
