Preeclampsia Gabbe 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three most common hypertensive disorders in pregnancy?
A
Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and chronic essential hypertension.
2
Q
What are the criteria for gestational hypertension?
A
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions 4 hours apart.
3
Q
How is severe hypertension defined?
A
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg for at least 4 hours or once with IV antihypertensive treatment.
4
Q
What constitutes proteinuria in pregnancy?
A
Protein >0.3g in 24h urine or P/C ratio >0.3, or 1+ on dipstick twice.
5
Q
What is preeclampsia?
A
Gestational hypertension with proteinuria or symptoms like visual disturbances, headache, or elevated liver enzymes.
6
Q
What symptoms are associated with preeclampsia with severe features?
A
Severe BP elevation, persistent headaches or visual symptoms, elevated liver enzymes, RUQ pain, pulmonary edema, low platelets, or renal insufficiency.
7
Q
How is eclampsia defined?
A
Onset of seizures in a woman with preeclampsia not attributable to other causes.
8
Q
What defines chronic hypertension in pregnancy?
A
Hypertension before 20 weeks gestation or lasting >3 months postpartum.
9
Q
What is superimposed preeclampsia?
A
Preeclampsia that develops in a woman with pre-existing chronic hypertension.
10
Q
Name some risk factors for preeclampsia.
A
Nulliparity, age >40, assisted reproduction, obesity, multifetal gestation, chronic hypertension, renal disease.
11
Q
What is capillary leak syndrome in preeclampsia?
A
Proteinuria with facial/vulvar edema, ascites, or pulmonary edema, with or without hypertension.
12
Q
What are key pathological theories for preeclampsia?
A
Abnormal trophoblast invasion, angiogenic imbalance, coagulation abnormalities, inflammation, oxidative stress.
13
Q
Which angiogenic factors are involved in preeclampsia?
A
Elevated sFlt-1 and reduced PLGF and VEGF levels.
14
Q
What is the significance of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
A
It binds VEGF and PLGF, reducing their levels and causing endothelial dysfunction.
15
Q
Why is low-dose aspirin used for prevention?
A
To correct thromboxane/prostacyclin imbalance and reduce risks of preeclampsia and related complications.
16
Q
What dose and timing are recommended for low-dose aspirin?
A
81–150 mg/day starting at 12–28 weeks gestation for high-risk women.
17
Q
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
A
Hemolysis (schistocytes, low haptoglobin, elevated LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), low platelets (<100,000/mm³).
18
Q
What are key complications of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy?
A
Placental abruption, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, maternal stroke, renal failure.
19
Q
What methods have shown limited efficacy in preventing preeclampsia?
A
Vitamins C and E, calcium, fish oil, antioxidants, heparin.
20
Q
Which diagnostic marker is unreliable for diagnosing preeclampsia?
A
Rise in BP from baseline alone, without reaching threshold values.
21
Q
What is the global incidence range of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy?
A
Between 5% and 10%, varying by hospital, region, and country.
22
Q
What are the clinical signs of preeclampsia without proteinuria?
A
Persistent cerebral symptoms, visual disturbances, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, renal insufficiency, or pulmonary edema.
23
Q
What maternal outcomes are associated with preeclampsia?
A
Eclampsia, liver rupture, renal failure, DIC, stroke, and maternal death.
24
Q
What fetal outcomes are associated with preeclampsia?
A
Fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, preterm birth, stillbirth.
25
What is atypical preeclampsia?
Gestational proteinuria or FGR with symptoms like hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, or signs of PE before 20 weeks or postpartum.
26
What is the relevance of spiral artery remodeling in normal pregnancy?
It transforms high-resistance vessels into low-resistance, high-flow channels to nourish the placenta.
27
How does placentation differ in preeclampsia?
Endovascular trophoblast invasion is limited to decidua; myometrial segments remain unconverted, maintaining musculoelastic structure.
28
What are the consequences of poor placentation?
Reduced placental perfusion, ischemia, release of antiangiogenic factors, and maternal systemic endothelial dysfunction.
29
What is the genetic conflict hypothesis in preeclampsia?
Maternal and fetal genes compete to regulate nutrient transfer; fetal genes raise maternal BP, maternal genes restrain it.
30
What inflammatory markers are elevated in preeclampsia?
Cytokines, neutrophil activation, and angiotensin II autoantibodies.
31
What endothelial changes occur in preeclampsia?
Increased permeability, platelet aggregation, vasospasm, and vascular damage.
32
What angiogenic markers predict early preeclampsia?
Low PLGF and high sFlt-1 before clinical onset.
33
What lab tests are affected in preeclampsia?
Elevated AST/ALT, LDH, serum creatinine, proteinuria, and thrombocytopenia.
34
What methods are unreliable for PE diagnosis?
Rise in BP alone (≥30 mm Hg systolic or ≥15 mm Hg diastolic) without meeting diagnostic thresholds.
35
How is blood pressure best measured in pregnancy?
Sitting or semireclining position, right arm at heart level, record both phase IV and V Korotkoff sounds.
36
What does capillary leak syndrome indicate in pregnancy?
PE variant with edema, ascites, and proteinuria, often without hypertension.
37
What defines gestational proteinuria?
≥300 mg/24h urine, P/C ratio >0.3, or persistent 1+ on dipstick.
38
What is the role of PLGF in normal pregnancy?
Promotes angiogenesis and placental vascular development.
39
How effective is Doppler ultrasound in predicting PE?
Limited utility, with sensitivity 20–60% and PPV 6–40%.
40
Why is routine PE screening with biomarkers not recommended?
High false-positive rates, low PPVs, and lack of preventive therapies.
41
Which prevention strategies have shown some benefit in high-risk women?
Low-dose aspirin (81–150 mg/day), starting at 12–28 weeks.
42
How does calcium supplementation affect PE risk?
May reduce PE in women with low dietary calcium but not recommended universally.
43
What is the effect of vitamins C and E on PE prevention?
Large trials show no significant benefit.
44
What are the diagnostic challenges in HELLP syndrome?
Lack of consensus on cutoffs for liver enzymes and platelet count.
45
What are key histopathologic findings in HELLP?
Periportal necrosis and hemorrhage on liver biopsy.
46
What defines hemolysis in HELLP?
Schistocytes on smear, elevated LDH, low haptoglobin, indirect hyperbilirubinemia.
47
What factors influence BP measurement accuracy in pregnancy?
Cuff size, rest period, patient posture, and correct phase of Korotkoff sounds.
48
What lifestyle or medical conditions increase PE risk?
Obesity, insulin resistance, thrombophilia, autoimmune diseases.
49
Why might assisted reproduction increase PE risk?
Immunologic factors, multifetal pregnancies, older maternal age.
50
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
51
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
52
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
53
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
54
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
55
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
56
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
57
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
58
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
59
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
60
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
61
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
62
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
63
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
64
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
65
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
66
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
67
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
68
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
69
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
70
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
71
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
72
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
73
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
74
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
75
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
76
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
77
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
78
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
79
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
80
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
81
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
82
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
83
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
84
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
85
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
86
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
87
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
88
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
89
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
90
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
91
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
92
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
93
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
94
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
95
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
96
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
97
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
98
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
99
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
100
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
101
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
102
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
103
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
104
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
105
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
106
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
107
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
108
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
109
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
110
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
111
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
112
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
113
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
114
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
115
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
116
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
117
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
118
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
119
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
120
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
121
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
122
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
123
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
124
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
125
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
126
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
127
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
128
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
129
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
130
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
131
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
132
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
133
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
134
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
135
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
136
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
137
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
138
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
139
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
140
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
141
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
142
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
143
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
144
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
145
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
146
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
147
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
148
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
149
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
150
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
151
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
152
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
153
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
154
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
155
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
156
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
157
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
158
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
159
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
160
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
161
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
162
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
163
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
164
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
165
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
166
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
167
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
168
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
169
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
170
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
171
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
172
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
173
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
174
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
175
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
176
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
177
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
178
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
179
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
180
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
181
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
182
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
183
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
184
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
185
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
186
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
187
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
188
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
189
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
190
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
191
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
192
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
193
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
194
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
195
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
196
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
197
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
198
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
199
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
200
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
201
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
202
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
203
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
204
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
205
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
206
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
207
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
208
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
209
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
210
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
211
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
212
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
213
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
214
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
215
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
216
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
217
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
218
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
219
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
220
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
221
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
222
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
223
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
224
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
225
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
226
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
227
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
228
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
229
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
230
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
231
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
232
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
233
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
234
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
235
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
236
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
237
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
238
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
239
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
240
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
241
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
242
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
243
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
244
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
245
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
246
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
247
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
248
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
249
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
250
What is the diagnostic criteria for gestational hypertension?
Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg but <160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg but <110 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.
251
How is severe hypertension defined in pregnancy?
Systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg sustained for ≥4 hours or once if treated with IV antihypertensives.
252
What is the threshold for proteinuria in diagnosing preeclampsia?
≥300 mg in 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio >0.3, or ≥1+ dipstick on two occasions.
253
Name three maternal complications of preeclampsia with severe features.
Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema.
254
How does capillary leak syndrome present in preeclampsia?
Facial and vulvar edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, and proteinuria without necessarily having hypertension.
255
What are the diagnostic features of HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis (e.g. schistocytes, ↑LDH), elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), and low platelets (<100,000/µL).
256
Which lab abnormalities support severe preeclampsia?
Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL or doubling of baseline.
257
What is the pathophysiologic role of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia?
It antagonizes VEGF and PLGF, leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduced placental perfusion.
258
How is superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed in chronic hypertensives?
New-onset proteinuria or a sudden increase in BP or worsening labs/symptoms in a previously stable patient.
259
What are the recommendations for low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia?
Start 81 mg/day at 12–28 weeks for high-risk women (e.g. chronic HTN, previous PE, diabetes, multifetal gestation).
