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Ecology > Predation (ch. 12) > Flashcards

Predation (ch. 12) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have data on population sizes on lynx and hares going back 200 years?

A

Because of the fur trade that went on in the early 1900s

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2
Q

Lynx and Hare populations peak around every ____ years

A

10

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3
Q

Hare populations rise in _______

A

synchrony

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4
Q

Why will a population grow?

A

Surplus of resources

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5
Q

Why will a population decline?

A

Decrease in resources

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6
Q

What happens when thee hares decline?

A

the lynx decline also because their food supply runs out

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7
Q

What happens to food supplies when the hare population density is high

A

Food supplies becomes limiting

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8
Q

What explains the drop in survival rate?

A

Predation by the lynx and other predators

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9
Q

What happens to hare birth rates during decline phase?

A

they drop

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10
Q

What happens to hare numbers after predator numbers plummet?

A

They rebound

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11
Q

Predation

A

individuals of one species (predators) benefit by feeding on, and directly harming, individuals of another species

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12
Q

Carnivory

A

prey are animals

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13
Q

Herbivory

A

Prey are plants or algae

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14
Q

Parasitism

A

Lives symbiotically on or in their prey (its host) and consumes certain tissues; may not kill the host. some parasitic pathogens cause disease.

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15
Q

Example of an herbivore

A

elephant

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16
Q

Parasitoids

A

Insects that lay eggs on or in another insect host. After hatching, larvae remain in the host, which they eat and usually kill.

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17
Q

a host is a great ____ for a parasitoid, why?

A

Niche, because the host is a home and food source to the parasitoid.

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18
Q

Some predators subdue prey with _____ and ____ into their environment

A

poisons, blend

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19
Q

Some predators can _____ or _____ chemicals made by prey

A

detoxify, tolerate

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20
Q

Adaptations to escape being eater

A

Large size
rapid movement
body armor

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21
Q

Warning coloration (aposematic)

A

predators learn not to eat brightly colored organisms because they tend to be toxic

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22
Q

Crypsis

A

prey are camo and resemble its background

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23
Q

mimicry

A

prey resemble another organism that is toxic or very fierce

24
Q

masting

A

when plants produce a large number of seeds in one year and hardly any in the following year

25
Q

compensation

A

removal of plant tissue stimulates new growth

26
Q

how do plants hide from herbavores?

A

by producing a great number

27
Q

Plants structural defenses

A

Tough leaves
spines
thorns
saw-like edges
pernicious hairs that pierce the skin

28
Q

Induced defenses

A

produced in response to herbivore attack

29
Q

secondary compounds

A

toxic chemicals used to reduce herbivory

30
Q

True/ false: predator populations can cycle with their prey populations

A

true

31
Q

Where do insights from population cycles come from?

A

Models
experiments
field studies of predator-prey interactions

32
Q

When prey abundance is high, how will that effect predators?

A

Increase in population size

33
Q

What about when prey abundance is low?

A

Decrease in population

34
Q

When predator abundance is high?

A

the prey will decline

35
Q

When predator abundance is low?

A

prey will increase

36
Q

What is the equation for exponential growth

A

dN/dt= rN

37
Q

dN/dt =

A

the rate of change in population size at each instant in time

38
Q

r =

A

exponential population growth rate per capita intrinsic rate of increase

39
Q

Death due to predation= what factors do you think matter?

A

How many predators
how many prey
how fast they are
how good they are at capturing their prey

40
Q

Equation stating that when prey are abundant, death due to predation will increase

A

dN/dt=rN-aNP

41
Q

Change in prey population over time:
population growth equation for prey - dN/dt=rN-aNP

A

N= number of prey
P= number of predators
r= population growth rate
a= capture

42
Q

What is the population growth equation for the predator?

A

dP/dt=baNP-mP

43
Q

b =

A

efficiency with which prey are converted to predator offspring

44
Q

m =

A

mortality rate

45
Q

predator birth is dependent on what?

A

how much predators eat

46
Q

Isocline

A

Zero population growth line

47
Q

When will prey populations not change?

A

P=r/a

48
Q

prey population decreases when?

A

P>r/a

49
Q

prey population increases when?

A

P<r/a

50
Q

Isocline for predator population

A

N=m/ba

51
Q

predator population increases when

A

N> m/ba

52
Q

Predator population decreases when

A

N< m/ba

53
Q

Lotka-Volterra model

A

suggests that predator-prey populations have an inherent tendency to cycle because the abundance of one population is completely dependent on the abundance of the other population.

54
Q

Three- way feeding relationships

A

effects of predators and prey on each other, coupled with effects of prey and their food plants on each other

55
Q

factors that can prevent predators from driving prey to extinction:

A

Habitat complexity and limited predator dispersal (as in Huffaker’s mites)
Prey switching (other food sources) in predators
Spatial refuges (where predators cannot hunt effectively)
Evolutionary changes in prey populations

56
Q

What does stress result in for hares?

A

The production of cortisol

57
Q

What does cortisol effect

A

Ecology (9 decks)

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