Precision Nutrition Chapter 7 Flashcards
Reproductive System
This system controls reproduction as well as sexual development. It includes the sex organs and glands.
Urinary System
This system produces, stores, and eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products, and helps control pH. It includes our kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands.
Digestive System
This system breaks down and absorbs nutrients. It includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and other organs associated with digestion including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and bile duct.
Respiratory System
This system brings in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide, and helps regulate pH in the body. It includes our nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and gas exchange organs.
Lymphatic System
This system drains tissue fluid (lymph) and brings it back to the heart. It slows down the spread of infection and even some cancers, and it also transports absorbed fats from the intestine. It includes the lymph, lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
Immune System
This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders. It includes our thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs and special white blood cells (leukocytes)
Circulatory System
This system distributes water, electrolytes, oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes and collects carbon dioxide and other byproducts throughout the body. It helps to hydrate and regulate temperature and pH. It includes our heart, blood and blood vessles.
Endocrine System
This is another communication system. It includes our hormonal organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, and more.
Nervous System
This system receives input from the environment through specialized sensory organs (like the eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin, stretch and pain receptors in muscles, etc.), synthesizes the information, and sends our electrochemical signals that trigger thoughts, emotions, and purposeful movement as well as involuntary activity (such as breathing). It includes the brain and spinal cord as well as a vast network of nerves and supporting structures including sensory organs like eyes.
Muscular System
This system moves us - whether it’s to move us across the room, to move blood through our blood vessels, or to move food through our intestines. This system includes our skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. It also helps to keep us warm.
Skeletal System
This system, which includes our bones, ligaments, cartilage, and other structures, gives the body a rigid scaffold so that it can move and hold itself up. It also protects other tissues, produces blood cells, and stores minerals (calcium and potassium mostly) and some fat.
Integumentary System
This system protects the body from outside damage and infection, from fluid loss and controls body temperature. It includes your skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures. It has a surface area of about 20 square feet, which explains why we can lose so much fluid in the form of sweat.
Organisms
As organisms, we’re self-contained living systems. Our body can reproduce, replace, and repair themselves, all to stay alive and to maintain homeostasis.
Ecosystems
Dynamic, interactive, interconnected networks of living things and the physical environment.
Bodies are Systems within Systems.
1) Ecosystem
2) Organisms
3) Organ Systems
4) Organs
5) Tissues
6) Cells
7) Organelles
8) Molecules
Homeostasis
The state of balanced function in the body.
Organ System
A group of organs coordinated around a specific function.
Ligaments
Connective t.issue attaching bones to bones
Skeletal Muscles
Muscles that move bones.
Tendons
Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.
Cardiac Muscles
Heart muscles.
Smooth Muscles
Muscles of the arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus, and more.
Electrochemical
An electrochemical process or reaction is one in which electricity is produced by a chemical reaction.
pH
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Organ
A self - contained part of the body that has a specific function.
Epithelial Tissue
Thin tissue making ups kin and lining of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that makes up structures such as our joints and fascia.
Fascia
A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses and/or stabilizes other structures such as muscles.
Muscle tissue
Fibrous tissue that can contract and produce movement.
Organs are made out of…
Two or more tissues.
Nervous Tissue
Tissue that makes up our brain, nerves, and associated structures.
Adipose Tissue
Fat Tissue
Our tissues do many things including…
1) Form protective barriers against outside invaders.
2) Hold us together.
3) Move the body around.
4) Communicate between cells.
Tissues are made out of…
Large groups of similar cells that share common functions.
Cells range in size from about…
5 to 300 micrometers.
In terms of nutrition, our cells have two basic roles.
1) To get nutrients from the food we eat.
2) To use these nutrients to build the raw materials and fuel to keep us alive.
Cells main tasks (also known as metabolism) are…
1) Grow, mature, and die.
2) Exchange gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3) Absorb and metabolize nutrients.
4) Regulate fluids and the exchange of solutes.
5) get rid of waste.
6) Reproduce.
Cells shape can indicate…
What roles they play in the body.
Metabolism
The collection of cellular tasks and chemical reactions needed to sustain life.
Plants can generally combine…
carbon dioxide and sunlight to make sugars and oxygen via photosynthesis. Plants also take nitrogen from soil to make proteins. This is how plants introduce energy into the food chain, from which we ultimately get our own energy.
Enterocytes
Cells that create a, “brush border”, and increase the surface are of the intestinal lining.
They line the small intestine.
Microvilli
The “bristles”. The shape increases their surface area and helps them absorb nutrients.
If a cell’s job is to absorb nutrients…
There’s only one layer of them.
If a cells job is to secrete things (like saliva)…
They’re stacked on top of each other. Stacked cells are known as stratified cells.
