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cyber security > Pre Work Cyber class > Flashcards

Pre Work Cyber class Flashcards

1
Q

In computer terminology, an operator is?

A

an operator is a symbol that represents an action or a process.

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2
Q

What are the two types of operators?

A

Search Operators and Boolean Operators

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3
Q

What is a Search Operator?

A

Search operators are the words or symbols that tell the engine which results to return.

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4
Q

What is a Boolean Operator? How many are there? What are they?

A

Boolean operators define relationships among search terms.
The three Boolean operators are AND, OR, and NOT, and most search engines support their use.

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5
Q

Explain the 3 Boolean operators

A

The three Boolean operators

Using AND narrows your search results to only those containing all your search terms.
Using OR broadens your search by connecting two or more terms.
Using NOT excludes specific terms from your search results.

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6
Q

What does this search operator do?

” “

A

Exact Phrase- your search term or phrase in quotes to limit your results to pages with the same words in the exact order as those within the quotes.
“Cybersecurity”
Exact

Use the following punctuation marks to get more specific search results:

Exact phrase: When you put a phrase in quotes (“ “), the results will only include pages with the exact words in the same order as those inside the quotes.

For example, if you look for Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech, using quotes excludes irrelevant results.

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7
Q

What does this search operator do?

-

A

Exclude Words- a minus sign or dash before a word or site excludes that word or site from your results.

Cyber -security

Exclude words: When we use a minus sign or dash (-) before a word or site, it excludes that word from our results.

For example, this is useful for words with multiple meanings and distinguishes Puma - the shoe brand, and Puma - the animal.

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8
Q

What does this search operator do?
*

A

Unknown Terms
*Use an asterisk in your search to represent any unknown or unspecified terms.

*Cybersecurity

Unknown terms: Add an asterisk (*) as a placeholder for any unknown or wildcard terms.

For example, you are looking for your favorite quote, but you can’t remember it exactly. You can search for the words you do remember and put asterisks in place of the words you don’t remember.

Like this quote from The Alchemist, something about the darkest hour of the night…

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9
Q

What happens if you use the search operator:
File Type

A

If you include filetype: and the suffix of the file type you are looking for in your query, Google restricts the results to the relevant pages.

Cybersecurity
filetype:pdf

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10
Q

What does the search operator mean:
Inurl

A

Searches within the URL of a web page.inurl: Cybersecurity

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11
Q

How does the range search work?

A

Range

Numbers in a range: Separate numbers by two periods without spaces to limit your results to those containing numbers in a range.

For example, you want to purchase a new iPhone in the price range of $300 to $700.

Example: iphone x $300..$700

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12
Q

How does the Specific Site operator work?

A

Specific Site

Write site: to narrow your results to specific sites or domains.

For example, if you are looking for a Wikipedia page, enter the subject you’re searching for and add site: wikipedia.org

Example: mitosis site: wikipedia.org

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13
Q

How do you use the related sites operator?

A

Related Sites

Find sites that are similar to a web address you already know by using related:

For example, suppose you want to read articles on an American news website. If you don’t remember the site’s specific name, search–related: times.com and several American news websites will be displayed on the Google results screen.

Example: Yosemite related: times.com

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14
Q

How does File Search operator work?

A

File Search

File Type: If you include filetype: and the suffix of the file type that you are looking for in your
query, Google restricts the results to the relevant pages.

For example, if you are looking for a PDF of the Harvard University 2014 financial report, search:

Example: Harvard University 2014 financial report filetype: pdf

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15
Q

How does File Type Search operator work?

A

File Type Search

The term filetype:pdf will search for PDF documents and filetype:xls will search for Excel sheets. The filetype operator must have at least one additional search term.

For example, we could search for Excel sheets containing passwords with the following query:

Example: filetype:xls password

This can lead us to amazing results

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16
Q

Where can you find all the operators so you don’t have to memorize them?

A

you can also use the Advanced Search page to create advanced searches on www.google.com/advanced_search

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17
Q

What is a computer?

A

A computer is an electronic machine that processes information - in other words, an information processor.

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18
Q

What process/task is input?

A

The information taken in is called input.

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19
Q

What is storage on a computer? Types of storage?

A

Once stored, the information is better known as storage (or memory).

Memory/storage
All of your data is stored on a hard drive, a huge magnetic memory repository. However, smaller computer-based devices, such as flash memory cards, provide other kinds of storage.

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20
Q

What is processing?

A

The action of working on this information is also known as processing.

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21
Q

What is output? Examples of output?

A

The results, which the computer spits out at the end, are called outputs.

Output
Your computer monitor, which can show high-resolution graphics, and stereo speakers are examples of output devices.

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22
Q

What are Input units? examples of them?

A

Input units
Methods for inputting information into your computer for processing.

For example, keyboard, mouse, microphone, and GPS.

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23
Q

What is the Process or processor in your computer?

A

Process
The processor in your computer (also known as the CPU or central processing unit) is a microchip hidden deep within the computer.

It works extremely hard and becomes quite heated in the process. It is the reason why a computer sometimes overheats and why your computer has a fan inside to protect its brain from overheating!

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24
Q

All computers have numerous external buttons and ports, and each computer has its own set of buttons and ports.

What is the Power Port?

A

The power port is a computer or other device connector that enables it to receive power from an electric socket and charge its battery.

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25
Q

What is the Ethernet Port?

A

Ethernet Port
This port enables you to connect to the internet (if you are not using WiFi), using an Ethernet cable connected to your modem or router.

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26
Q

What is the Monitor Port?

A

Monitor Port
If you have a desktop or a laptop, you can use the monitor port to connect additional monitors, such as an extra screen. There are several types of monitor connections: HDMI, VGA, Mini Displayport, and USB-C.

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27
Q

What are the 4 types of Monitor Ports?

A

VGA, HDMI, Mini Display Port, USB-C

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28
Q

What is a USB Port?

A

USB Ports
The Universal Serial Bus port is used to connect keyboards, mice, printers, and many other removable devices. Most computers have multiple USB ports.

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29
Q

What is the Audio Port do?

A

Audio Port
This port lets you connect headphones or speakers directly to your computer.

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30
Q

What are the four main tasks computers do?

A

Computers have four main tasks: They input information, store and process the information, and then output it. Each of these things is done by a different part of the computer.

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31
Q

When you press the letter “M” on your keyboard? Explain the process…

A

the keyboard converts the letter to a number sent as something called binary into the computer.Binary is the computer language in this case. Upon receiving this number, the CPU requests step-by-step instructions from memory to calculate how to represent the letter “M” in pixels. The CPU runs these instructions and stores the results in memory. Finally, the pixels of “M” are sent in binary to the screen. The screen is the output device, so it converts the binary signals into a readable form on your screen, which is what you see.

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32
Q

What is hardware?

A

A computer’s physical parts are called hardware — they’re the parts you can see and move around with your hands, and they usually require electricity to function.

33
Q

The basic hardware components are the following: What is the PSU?

A

PSU
Power Supply Unit - an electrical device that supplies electric power.

34
Q

The basic hardware components are the following: What is a Storage Device? What are the two types?

A

Storage Devices

These are the devices computers use to store instructions. Typically, there are two types of storage.

Random-access memory (RAM) disks are very fast, short-term storage devices where information used by the CPU is stored temporarily during operations. That information is lost when electricity is cut (usually when you turn off your computer).

Drives are slower, long-term storage devices where information is stored even after the electricity is cut. Examples of these are universal serial bus (USB) drives, hard disk drives (HDD), and solid-state drives (SSD).

35
Q

The basic hardware components are the following: What is the Motherboard?

A

Motherboard
The motherboard is the backbone of a computer system. Each piece of hardware in a computer connects to the motherboard, which relays data between the components.

36
Q

The basic hardware components are the following: What is a Circuit?

A

A circuit is a complete path through which electricity can flow. A computer uses millions of tiny electronic components that come together to form circuits. The circuits inside computers can process information much faster than humans. Smaller computers are faster because they have smaller circuits, which means the distance the electric signals have to travel is shorter. Electricity moves at the speed of light, which means modern circuits can perform billions of calculations per second

37
Q

The basic hardware components are the following: What are Output Devices?

A

Output Devices
These are devices such as printers and monitors that computers use to return the results of their processing.

38
Q

The basic hardware components are the following: What is a processor?

A

Processors
Processors are what computers use to process your instructions. The most noticeable is your central processing unit (CPU), which can be considered the computer’s brain because it processes information and carries out commands. Your graphical processing unit (GPU) is also known as your processor or graphics card.

39
Q

The basic hardware components are the following: What are Input devices? Examples:

A

Input Devices
These are the devices you use to give instructions to the hardware.

Examples of these would be your keyboard, mouse, and controller.

40
Q

What are RAM disks?

A

Random-access memory (RAM) disks are very fast, short-term storage devices where information used by the CPU is stored temporarily during operations. That information is lost when electricity is cut (usually when you turn off your computer).

41
Q

What are Drives?

A

Drives are slower, long-term storage devices where information is stored even after the electricity is cut. Examples of these are universal serial bus (USB) drives, hard disk drives (HDD), and solid-state drives (SSD).

42
Q

What is Software? (There are two main types)

A

Software is the actual program that enables the hardware to execute tasks. The various applications and programs that run on the computer are considered software.

The computer’s software is comprised of parts that you can’t touch or see directly, but they help translate your instructions into a language the hardware can understand.

43
Q

What are the two main types of software?

A

The Operating System (OS): An operating system is a type of software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer. The OS acts as an intermediary between hardware and programs, allowing all different components to interact with each other (including the user) in a more understandable language. Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, and Linux are examples of operating systems.

Applications: Applications are a collection of programs designed to complete a task. Applications are easily added and removed as needed, and they are not essential; the computer may function without them. Applications are the objects you interact with, whether for gaming, business, or other purposes.

44
Q

What is an Operating System?

A

The Operating System (OS): An operating system is a type of software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer. The OS acts as an intermediary between hardware and programs, allowing all different components to interact with each other (including the user) in a more understandable language. Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, and Linux are examples of operating systems.

45
Q

What are Applications?

A

Applications: Applications are a collection of programs designed to complete a task. Applications are easily added and removed as needed, and they are not essential; the computer may function without them. Applications are the objects you interact with, whether for gaming, business, or other purposes.

46
Q

How Do Hardware and Software Interact With One Another?

A

a computer’s software controls the computer’s hardware. These two components depend on each other and cannot function separately. A computer’s hardware and software must interact to enable a computer to manipulate input and produce the intended output.
The connection between hardware and software is critical. Hardware cannot function without software, and software cannot perform its required tasks without hardware.

This connection is managed by the computer’s operating system (OS), which is the master program that controls how software interacts with a machine’s hardware. The OS handles and manages the apps on a computer and allows effective interaction between the hardware and software.

47
Q

Memory The data and instructions required to process inputted data and generate output are stored in the computer’s memory.

How is Memory classified?

A

Computer memory is classified as volatile (RAM), non-volatile (ROM), and Secondary Storage

48
Q

What is RAM emory and is it volatile?

A

Random-access memory is a hardware component usually found on a computer’s motherboard and functions as the CPU’s internal memory. Once you turn on the computer, it enables the CPU to store data, instructions, and actions. It is a computer’s read-write memory, indicating that data may be written to it and read from it.

RAM is volatile; thus, it doesn’t store data or instructions forever. When you turn on the computer and launch an application, the OS and the application are loaded into RAM. RAM loses data when the machine shuts down. When the computer is shut off, the RAM data is gone.

49
Q

Does RAM lose its date when the computer is shut down?

A

RAM loses data when the machine shuts down. When the computer is shut off, the RAM data is gone.

50
Q

What is ROM? Is it Volatile?

A

ROM

Read-only memory is a type of memory device or storage media that maintains data continuously. It is referred to as read-only memory since we can only read the data and applications stored on it, and not write to it. It can only read data that is continuously stored inside the device. As a non-volatile form of memory, all the data stored in the ROM remains even when the power is off, or the device is shut down.

51
Q

When the computer is turned off does ROM remain on the computer?

A

As a non-volatile form of memory, all the data stored in the ROM remains even when the power is off, or the device is shut down.

52
Q

What is Secondary Storage? Give examples

A

Another type of memory is called Secondary Storage. The secondary memory of the computer refers to the secondary storage devices that are integrated into or linked to the computer. It is also known as external memory. Since it is non-volatile, it keeps the data even when the computer is shut off or until it is overwritten or erased. Examples of secondary storage include hard disks, CDs, USBs, DVD, etc

53
Q

How do you measure data?

A

Data is measured and represented using memory units.

54
Q

What are examples of Memory Units?

A

Bit: The units of computer memory begin with the bit. A bit is the smallest unit of storage used to measure data in primary memory and storage devices. A bit can only contain one of the binary values 0 and 1.

Byte: It is the basic unit of measurement for data. It has eight bits or is equivalent to eight bits. Therefore, a single byte may represent 2*8, or 256 values.

Kilobyte: 1024 bytes.

Megabyte: 1024 kilobytes.

Gigabyte: 1024 megabytes.

Terabyte: 1024 gigabytes.

55
Q

What is a Bit?

A

Bit: The units of computer memory begin with the bit. A bit is the smallest unit of storage used to measure data in primary memory and storage devices. A bit can only contain one of the binary values 0 and 1.

56
Q

What is a Byte?

A

Byte: It is the basic unit of measurement for data. It has eight bits or is equivalent to eight bits. Therefore, a single byte may represent 2*8, or 256 values.

57
Q

What is a Kilobyte?

A

Kilobyte is a memory unit-Kilobyte: 1024 bytes.

58
Q

What is a Megabyte?

A

It is a memory unit-Megabyte: 1024 kilobytes.

59
Q

What is a Gigabyte?

A

A Gigabyte is a memory unit-Gigabyte: 1024 megabytes.

60
Q

What is a Terabyte?

A

A Terabyte is a memory unite-Terabyte: 1024 gigabytes.

61
Q

Does System software act as an intermediary between the user and the hardware?

A

yes

System software helps users smoothly interact with hardware. Essentially, it manages the behavior of computer hardware and provides the basic functionalities a user needs.

62
Q

What is the operating system (OS) known as?

A

An operating system is a classic example of system software.

The operating system (OS) is known as system software. It establishes an interface between the user and the computer’s hardware.

63
Q

Give examples of how an operating system (OS) or system software manages the interface between the user and the computer’s hardware?

A

An operating system manages files, processes, and memory, handles input and output devices, and controls external devices, such as storage devices and printers.

Usually, many computer programs run simultaneously, and they all need access to the CPU, memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all this so that each program receives the resources it requires.

64
Q

What are the main components that allow a computer to function and ultimately display what the user sees when interacting with a computer?

A

User, Application, Operating System, Hardware

65
Q

What is a user (computing)

A

User (computing)
A user, also known as an end-user, is an individual who uses a computer. Typically, a user has a user account and is identified by a username and password. Based on how they utilize a computer, a computer user might be classified as an Administrator, Power User, Programmer, etc.

66
Q

What is an Application? Give examples…

A

Application
Application software is a program or collection of applications intended for end-users. Examples of applications include a calculator, a browser, an email client, a music player, a file viewer, a video game, or a picture editor.

67
Q

What is an operating system? (OS)

A

Operating system
An operating system (OS) is system software that controls hardware and software resources and enables common functions and services for various computer applications.

68
Q

What is computer hardware? Give examples

A

Computer hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, including the monitor, keyboard, speakers, and motherboard. The software usually instructs the hardware to execute a specific command or instruction. A functional computer system is comprised of both hardware and software.

69
Q

What are the Three Goals of an Operating System (OS)?

An OS must fulfill three main goals:

A
  1. Convenience
    An OS makes a computer more convenient to use. It acts as a mediator between the computer and its users, facilitating the access and use of resources.
  2. Efficiency
    An OS allows a computer to use its system resources efficiently and easily.
  3. Ability to Evolve
    An OS should be constructed to facilitate the effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service.
70
Q

Give an example of how the Operating System works as a User Interface…

A

When a user reads an email, they utilize a program like Outlook. Coordination and management of the operating system enables the application to work. The hardware, such as the keyboard and monitor, enables the user to see and interact with Outlook.

71
Q

Do operating systems (OS) share similar components? Explain…

A

An operating system is a large and complex system that can only be created by being partitioned into small pieces. These pieces should constitute a well-defined portion of the system, carefully defining inputs, outputs, and functions.

Although Mac, Linux, Windows, and other OSs do not have the same structure, most operating systems share similar components like files, processes, memory, and I/O device management.

72
Q

What is a file on a computer? What are types of files on a computer?

A

File Management

A file is a container for storing information on a computer. Computer files are similar to paper files used daily, such as in the office. Text files, directory files, and graphic files are all types of files that hold different types of information.

73
Q

How can you save files?

A

Files may be saved on optical disks, hard drives, or other storage devices in a computer operating system.

74
Q

What is file management?

A

For example, file management in the OS allows users to create, delete, map, and upload files to external sources. File management also allows users to back up their files.

75
Q

What is Process Management?

A

A process is a set of instructions that the computer processor is currently processing.

Process management is a mechanism for managing the multiple processes that are running on the operating system at the same time. When a program is executed, it is connected with one or more processes.

When you’re using a browser, such as Safari, a process or multiple processes for Safari are running. All these processes should be handled through process management, ensuring the processes function smoothly. Process management also utilizes memory and shuts down processes as necessary.

For example, process management in the OS allows for process creation and deletion, suspension and restart, and process synchronization.

76
Q

What is I/O Managment?

A

I/O Device Management

An input/output (I/O) device is a piece of hardware that can read, write, and process data.

It collects data as input and transmits it to a device, as well as sends device data to storage media as output. This may include a keyboard, monitor, printer, light pen, mouse, and other devices.

For example, I/O device management is a system that allows internal and external drivers and components to communicate with the OS. The device management helps the OS understand the characteristics and functionalities of a given device.

77
Q

What is Network Management?

A

Network Management

Computers in the same network are linked by a communication network, which may be arranged in various ways.

The process of managing and controlling these computer networks is performed by network management.

Networks may be entirely or partly linked. The settings to determine this feature can be chosen and performed with the aid of network management.

For example, network management in the OS allows network performance management, configuration, and quality maintenance

78
Q

Give an example using Outlook of how the Operating System (OS) acts as a User Interface:

A

When a user reads an email, they utilize a program like Outlook. Coordination and management of the operating system enables the application to work. The hardware, such as the keyboard and monitor, enables the user to see and interact with Outlook.

79
Q

Give examples of types of OSs (Operating Systems)

A

Operating systems are typically pre-installed on any computer. Most people stick with the operating system that came with their computer. However, it is possible to update or even switch operating systems. Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux are the three most popular computer operating systems.

Windows, macOS, Linux,

cyber security (7 decks)

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