Pre Test Flashcards

Question

Which of the following would a planner be least likely to use in their role in working for the U.S. Army as a planner? a. Section 8 Vouchers b. Joint Land Use Studies c. Air Installation Compatible Use Zones d. Base Realignment and Closure Act

Answer 1

A) Section 8 Vouchers Section 8 vouchers are associated with providing housing subsidies for low-income people. This is not specific to a military base. BRAC refers to congressional actions that streamline military base operations. Air Installation Compatible Use Zones address land use coordination with local governments around the base. Joint Land Use Studies are a joint planning effort between active military installations, surrounding communities and other agencies.

Answer 2

Limits direct access to homes and businesses.

Answer 3

D) The APA was formed in the late 1970s when the AIP and ASPO consolidated. The AIP first started in 1917 as the American City Planning Institute until it was renamed in 1934. In 1978, the American Planning Association was created from the consolidation of the American Institute of Planners (AIP) and the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO). AIP was incorporated in 1917 as the American City Planning Institute and renamed the AIP in 1939. ASPO was established in 1934.

Answer 4

C) Timing of Development The Associated Home Builders case was related to when building permits could be developed based on the availability of infrastructure.

Answer 5

D) Technology-ready suburban office parks E-commerce companies need a well-educated workforce with web design skills. They prefer a region with utility competition, which results in lower costs for internet service. They prefer downtown offices and their workforce wants vibrant urban scenes and active nightlife.

Answer 6

A) Audience Response System ARS is an instant polling software used in conjunction with a slide presentation. A USB receiver/base station retrieves the data provided by an audience using wireless hand-held devices and stores this information on the presenter’s computer. Some ARS programs offer the option of participating in the process via personal cellular phones or laptop computers. The most obvious benefit of ARS is the chance to receive instant and accurate feedback from the audience. This feedback is assumed to represent honest opinions because the answers are sent anonymously.

Answer 7

C) The developer submits the results of an auger test An auger can be used to retrieve soil samples and then examined for the soil profiles.

Answer 8

D) Bell Curve

Answer 9

C) Berman v. Parker upheld the use of eminent domain for aesthetic purposes.

Answer 10

D) Someone benefits from the consumption of a public good without paying their full share In economics, the free rider problem refers to a situation where some individuals in a population either consume more than their fair share of a common resource, or pay less than their fair share of the cost of a common resource.

Answer 11

A) The bill is then sent to the Senate where it will be introduced by the Senate Speaker. After a bill has been voted on and approved by one side of the legislature, in this case, the House, then it would be referred to the Senate. The bill is then introduced by the Senate Speaker, referred to a committee, and then goes through the legislative review process before it can be voted on and ultimately signed by the Governor.

Answer 12

B) The state law would require that billboard advertising be discontinued for two years before the amortization period would start, and the ordinance as proposed would be illegal. Local jurisdictions seeking to remove billboards can pass an ordinance that requires the removal of billboards by a given time, a process known as amortization. States set the rules for amortization. In this case, the Planning Director’s proposal is not in sync with state law.

Answer 13

D) Yes, because binary variables have only two different values. Binary variables can only take on two values, and are typically represented as 0 and 1. They are used for variables for which there are only two possible outcomes, such as male or female or yes or no.

Answer 14

D) Multimodal transportation options Biophilic Design brings humans and nature together through sustainable strategies, which can include lighting, ventilation, natural elements, and access to water.

Answer 15

C) I and II only Board of Zoning Adjustments act in a quasi-judicial manner and can grant variances and hear appeals. The enactment of the zoning ordinance and special exceptions are achieved through a legislative process with the planning commission.

Answer 16

A) I, II, & III PAS Report 539-540 lists these as key elements of the brainstorming process to assist groups in working together and identifying key goals for the planning process. Option IV is not a part of the brainstorming process.

Answer 17

B) Branding In order to help make cities unique and competitive in the global economy cities have undertaken branding efforts.

Answer 18

D) Transitional phrase to stay on message when the question could take you off-topic.

Answer 19

D) Brownfields

Answer 20

A) Buffer A buffer is a reclassification based on distance. Buffering measures distance outward in directions from an object, in this case a stream. Buffering can be done on three types of vector data - point, line, area.

Answer 21

B) Police Power

Answer 22

B) Implement a Business Improvement District All of the choices are possibilities and could be used to support an effort to improve downtown. The best choice is to implement a Business Improvement District, which would provide funds to clean the sidewalks, police the streets, and keep up the appearance of the downtown. To create a Business Improvement District, property owners agree to an increase in the district’s tax rate. The revenue from the tax increase are used to fund improvements inside the district.

Answer 23

A cap park provides a park over a segment of freeway to encourage people to move through the space going from one area to another. All of these are possibilities, but the cap park best overcomes the perceived barrier.

Answer 24

C. Cell Phone Survey According to the Pew Research Center, almost half of Americans had a cell phone, but no landline service as of 2015 (http://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/u-s-survey-research/collecting-survey-data/). Among Hispanics, 61% have wireless service only. A younger population is unlikely to respond to a mail survey. While social media is a way to publicize the survey, you will be more likely to get a response through direct contact with residents.

Answer 25

D) Fairly apportioning the number of seats in the United States House of Representatives for each state While Census data is used for a variety of purposes, the primary purpose is to apportion seats for Congress.

Answer 26

D) It uses a series of monthly samples to produce annually updated estimates for census tracts and block groups The American Community Survey uses a series of monthly samples to produce annually updated estimates for the same census tract and block groups that used to be surveyed via the decennial census long-form sample. http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology/design-and-methodology.html

Answer 27

B) 20 According to the 2016 American Community Survey, the share of multigenerational households has almost reached the 1950 peak—now representing 20 percent of the total population.

Answer 28

A) Central business district Central business districts are typically their own zoning district, rather than an overlay.

Answer 29

C) Charles Lindblom Lindblom wrote about incrementalism as a step by step incremental approach to achieving plans.

Answer 30

A) Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope The Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot.

Answer 31

C) White City The 1893 World's Columbian Exposition included the White City, designed by Daniel Burnham. The term has been applied to mean the color of the buildings as well as the exclusionary tactics used.

Answer 32

D) Chicane

Answer 33

D) Appointing a single person to adjudicate dispute and make a final decision APA is especially supportive of the idea that planning needs to be an inclusive enterprise that fosters community input and works to develop a consensus. A single person making a decision would run counter to that ideal.

Answer 34

A) All of these are limitations that can prevent citizens from participating in the planning process. All of these limitations may prevent citizens from learning about or participating in the planning process. In fact, over a quarter of adults do not have access to broadband at home, 9% have limited English, and another 19% cannot read a newspaper due to visual or other reading impairments.

Answer 35

A) Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe In the 1960s, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park filed suit against U.S. Secretary of Transportation John Volpe after he announced plans to build Interstate 40 through Overton Park in Memphis. The suit claimed that Vollpe was violating section 4(f) of the Dept. of Transportation Act of 1966, which required the government to show there were no "feasible and prudent" alternatives to using public lands, such as parks, when building freeways. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park. This lead to a considerable increase in grassroots environmental organizing.

Answer 36

A) City Beautiful

Answer 37

B) I The planning philosophies, City Efficient, City Beautiful, and Public Health came before the City Humane Movement. The City Humane Movement occurred in the 1930s.

Answer 38

C) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams City of Rancho Palos Verdes established that there are administrative procedures to remedy violations of the Telecommunications Act and that an individual cannot force compliance.

Answer 39

C) Title VIII of the 1968 Civil Rights Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination and segregation on the basis of race, religion, national origin and 6 gender in the workplace, schools, public accommodations and in federally assisted programs. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin. The Fair Housing Act (FHA) is also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968

Answer 40

D) Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs The idea was to create complete neighborhoods that provided convenient access for residents to school and businesses.

Answer 41

B) Clarence Stein

Answer 42

B) The U.S. EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers The Clean Water Act of 1972 exercised its power to regulate interstate commerce by prohibiting discharges into the nation’s navigable waters. If the body of water can be used to transport goods from one state to another it is covered by the Clean Water Act. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers have regulatory power to prepare rules for navigable waters.

Answer 43

B) Coalition building In this case, bringing together organizations that support light rail to build a coalition would be most helpful. A open house could be used to inform the public about light rail. A public hearing could be used to express interest to the part of the city council. A visual preference survey would not be helpful because people don't need to vote on pictures of light rail.

Answer 44

D) I, II, & III Coalitions often have goals as varied as coalitions themselves, but they often include one or more elements of influencing public policy, changing public behavior, and building healthy community. Building coalitions allows for individual groups with a common interest to work together toward their goal(s).

Answer 45

B) Local government A COG or regional council is a multi-service entity that delivers a variety of federal, state, and local programs, and they are accountable to local units of government. They can also function as partners for state and federal governments.

Answer 46

There isn't really a difference. The terms regional council (RC) and council of governments (COG) are generally interchangeable. They might also be called regional planning commissions, regional commissions, or planning districts.

Answer 47

B) Cohort Survival

Answer 48

A) 9-15 Agreement can become more difficulty with a large number of members. Having at least 9 members ensures that all personality types are represented and a diversity of voices. A small committee can at times not bring a broad enough set of interests to the table. In this case you would want a mix of stakeholders, such as parents, neighbors, teachers, staff, administrators etc.

Answer 49

C. Consensus building. Using a scientific process to plan is associated with rational planning. Viewing planning as a series of incremental steps is associated with incremental planning. Working one-on-one with citizens to develop a plan is associated with transactive planning.

Answer 50

B) Consensus Building asks stakeholders to work together to come to a solution. Coalition Building brings parties who agree together to promote an idea. A Town Hall Meeting is good to identify issues, but in this case, the issue is already known. Focus Groups might be useful in understanding the issue further, but is not the best answer.

Answer 51

C) Conservation zoning, which requires the clustering of homes while preserving open space. The subdivisions can be designed to protect well water areas by placing septic systems in other areas.

Answer 52

C) Contour lines can be curved, straight, or a mixture of curved and straight depending on the topography of a specific location.

Answer 53

D) For the application to become a national historic district, it is most important of these factors to consider the number of contributing buildings. A survey of all historic buildings in the city, along with information about particular design styles or notable works, is key to having the district recognized as containing national historic significance.

Answer 54

C) National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005, but was discontinued under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program. (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/border_planning/corbor/)

Answer 55

B) Council of Governments (CoGs—also known as regional councils, regional commissions, regional planning commissions, and planning districts) are regional governing and/or coordinating bodies that exist throughout the United States.

Answer 56

C) Crime Prevention through Environmental Design takes a safety based approach to design of the environment, including features such as lines of sight and lighting. The American Planning Association Policy Guide on Security provides for best practices in designing secure spaces https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/security.htm+

Answer 57

D) I, II, III, and IV Richard Florida, author of The Rise of the Creative Class, argues that for a city to attract the Creative Class it must possess "the three 'Ts": Talent (a highly talented/educated/skilled population), Tolerance (a diverse community, which has a 'live and let live' ethos), and Technology (the technological infrastructure necessary to fuel an entrepreneurial culture).

Answer 58

A) You are undertaking a longitudinal survey—a survey over time—which is implied by the question since you are assessing how opinions will change. A cross-sectional survey is a type of survey that involves the analysis of data collected from a representative subset of a population at one specific point in time.

Answer 59

B) I is the correct choice: Participants fill out a questionnaire and then are encouraged to revise their answers after hearing one another’s replies, decreasing the range of answers over time. ii describes the design charrette method; iii describes the nominal group technique; and iv describes the mediation method. Only i explains how the Delphi Method encourages group members to achieve consensus by revising their answers to hypothetical questionnaires.

Answer 60

B) group of appointed citizens to advise the governing body is known as a Citizen Advisory Committee (also known by other names in each community). It is not necessary to have a group of appointed citizens to participate in the Delphi technique.

Answer 61

C) Department of Interior

Answer 62

D) The dependency ratio is a ratio of dependents. Those who are younger than 15 and those older than 64 to represent the working age population. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working age population.

Answer 63

B) Descriptive statistics are distinguished from inferential statistics (or inductive statistics) in that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent.

Answer 64

A) A local street is designed to service land uses such as single family homes.

Answer 65

B) The legal basis for the zoning ordinance amendment is critical to include. Zoning for the purposes of aesthetics is a valid public purpose and the staff report should reflect any state statutes or other legal basis for putting in place these standards. While architecture character and quality of life are relevant in the report, the legal basis is the best answer.

Answer 66

C) A development agreement can be used to clarify what infrastructure will be provided as part of a development. Impact fees can also be instituted to pay for off-site improvements; however since this improvement is on-site, the better answer is a development agreement.

Answer 67

D) Discrete: A variable that can only take a finite number of values is called a discrete variable. Examples are counts, like number of traffic colllisions. A dichotomous variable has only two values, typically zero and 1. This is also known as a binary variable.

Answer 68

D) All of these would be factors to consider in ensuring a healthy downtown commercial district in a historic community.

Answer 69

C) The correct answer is drop-off. A drop-off survey would be the best choice because you could leave the survey at neighborhood homes and businesses, allowing residents to complete them at their convenience. By dropping off the survey you would have personal contact with the residents. A drop-off survey would have a higher response rate than a mail survey. Given that the area is low-income, electronic and phone would be poor choices because not everyone would have access to a telephone or the Internet.

Answer 70

B) These are all advantages of visioning. The purpose of visioning is to build consensus and these are all advantages of visioning. Some disadvantages of visioning are that it adds to the cost of the planning process since it is an intensive public participation effort, it can create unrealistic expectations that the governemnt can't fulfull and it is dependent on a facilitator.

Answer 71

A) II, III and IV Concerns regarding environmental justice build upon Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. A formal federal policy on environmental justice was established in 1994, and in 1995 the US Department of Transportation issued its Order to Address Environmental Justice. It states that consideration of environmental justice issues must be considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). These considerations include documentation, data analysis and public participation, but not mitigation of past environmental injustices.

Answer 72

D) Resources, information, and training should be widely available so that all stakeholders are able to participate in decision-making The U.S. EPA defines environmental justice as the, “fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, culture, income, or education level with respect to development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

Answer 73

D) Submit a petition to the AICP Ethics Committee The AICP Code of Ethics states, “Any Certified Planner whose membership or certification is revoked may petition the Ethics Committee for reinstatement no sooner than five years from the time of revocation.”

Answer 74

D) Accepting a bribe Accepting a bribe would violate the conflict of interest portion of the AICP Code of Ethics, which states, "We shall not perform work on a project for a client or employer if, in addition to the agreed upon compensation from our client or employer, there is a possibility for direct personal or financial gain to us, our family members, or persons living in our household, unless our client or employer, after full written disclosure from us, consents in writing to the arrangement."

Answer 75

C) Advise your brother about the planning process and offer your expertise to him. However, decline to represent him in any official way to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest. You can advise your brother about the planning process the same way that you would for any customer that would visit your office. The AICP Code of Ethics states, "We shall deal fairly with all participants in the planning process. Those of us who are public officials or employees shall also deal evenhandedly with all planning process participants."

Answer 76

B) Advocacy planning, created by Paul Davidoff, emphasized the importance of planning for the needs of diverse groups of stakeholders in the community.

Answer 77

D) Prepare the report outlining the options for incentives and the pros and cons associated with the incentive options The AICP Code calls for the use of professional competence. In this case, you understand the role of job creation and the reasons why incentivizing certain types of businesses and not others are logical. Although your report may go against what the city wants, you will be presenting factual evidence for your position and the city will be able to then make the choice they want.

Answer 78

You should attend the event. This invitation is from the organization and there is no specific conflict of interest by participating.

Answer 79

A) No, Demonstrating the values of environmental preservation in terms that the Council will understand is a valuable way to present the argument in terms that others will understand.

Answer 80

C) Seek informal advice from the APA Ethics Officer According to the AICP Code of Ethics, “Any person with a question about whether specific conduct conforms to the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct may seek informal advice from the Ethics Officer. Any such person should contact the Ethics Officer to arrange a time to discuss the issue.”

Answer 81

C) A planner should report violations to the media.

Answer 82

B) You should withhold information about land use codes from developers.

Answer 83

A) Send a letter to the developer, copying the Mayor outlining the specific requirements for permitting approval noting the fastest way to achieve permit approval and noting that you are available for consultation to ensure the project moves forward as quickly as possible In this case, there is no ethical issue at this point in time. While the Planing Director might have felt threatened, in fact the Mayor simply requested that the department provide a high level of customer service. The Planning Director should ensure the developer understands the rules and has the opportunity to consult with staff to make sure the project can move forward in a timely manner. As this project moves forward, there might come a point where there is an ethical conflict. If this happens, the Planning Director will be in a strong position to describe how they have done everything possible to ensure that the project moves forward quickly while meeting city requirements.

Answer 84

B) Yes, as a planner you have misrepresented your qualifications. The AICP Code of Ethics states “We shall neither deliberately, nor with reckless indifference, misrepresent the qualifications, views and findings of other professionals.” In this case, because you as a sole practitioner have no experience in health indicators, describing yourself as a perfect fit misrepresents your qualifications.

Answer 85

D) Working at a bookstore on weekends is an example of an acceptable moonlighting position. The AICP Code of Ethics states "We shall not, as salaried employees, undertake other employment in planning or a related profession, whether or not for pay, without having made full written disclosure to the employer who furnishes our salary and having received subsequent written permission to undertake additional employment, unless our employer has a written policy which expressly dispenses with a need to obtain such consent." Moonlighting is acceptable, but it should be in a position that does not conflict with your primary employment and permission is needed from your employer.

Answer 86

B) Decline the contract due to your current workload. Given this project is at the request for proposal stage, it is best not to submit a response to the request for proposal. If the workload became overwhelming after submitting the proposal and selection then it would be appropriate to talk to the county about the start date or hire another qualified planner or to withdraw at that time

Answer 87

A) Go to the village manager and explain the violations and ask how they want it handled. Because you are a property owner you may benefit from the enforcement of codes in your own neighborhood. Because you may benefit you should not be the person handling the case without first consulting with your supervisor who can provide in writing the appropriate enforcement action. The AICP Code of Ethics states "We shall not perform work on a project for a client or employer if, in addition to the agreed upon compensation from our client or employer, there is a possibility for direct personal or financial gain to us, our family members, or persons living in our household, unless our client or employer, after full written disclosure from us, consents in writing to the arrangement." The Code of Ethics resolves a situation like this -- where a planner might receive a benefit from a planning action -- by having the planner obtain approval from a client or employer. The choice of "Ask a staff member in another area of the village to handle the violations that you are reporting." is also incorrect because it assumes that the planner has the authority to assign work to other planners.

Answer 88

D) According to the APA’s Ethical Principles in Planning “The planning process must continuously pursue and faithfully serve the public interest.”

Answer 89

C) Does not violate the AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct

Answer 90

B) A Euclidean buffer measures the distance in a two-dimensional Cartesian plan—calculating straight line distances. This type of buffer works well when working at a city scale, and because this is a standard distance, from waterways, a buffer makes more sense. A geodesic buffer accounts for the curvature of the earth and would be used when the map projection is at a large regional scale or global scale. A polygon connects specific points. A vector data model is an overarching term that would cover buffering, overlays, distance measurement, and spatial statistics.

Answer 91

A) New Orleans

Answer 92

D) A factual statement about the benefits of planning is the first proof point, which backs up the key message.

Answer 93

D) Fiscal impact analysis is the best answer. The purpose of fiscal impact analysis is to estimate the impact of a development or a land use change or a plan on the costs and revenues of governmental units serving the development. Cost-effectiveness analysis and Cost-benefit analysis usually refer to the evaluation of projects, policies, or programs. The term costs of community services (COCS) is a broader term that uses fiscal impact analysis to determine whether various forms of land use contribute to or detract from local government budgets.

Answer 94

C) Organize a series of focus groups to discuss how people get to campus now and how they would benefit or be negatively impacted by the proposal. For a sensitive subject such as this it would be important to understand the potential impacts and benefits. By speaking in small groups ideas can be discussed and alternatives debated that can inform the plan’s creation.

Answer 95

C) The correct answer is form-based zoning. Form based zoning focuses on defining desired development patterns. It also allows the market to determine the use.

Answer 96

D) Creating a group cognitive overlay Future Search is a 2.5-day event designed to result in a common vision of the future. The event is organized into five tasks of approximately 3-4 hours each.

Answer 97

C) You recommend to the City Council that they proceed with the addition now, because the future value of the funds would not exceed the expected cost of the addition in four years. The future value equation is FV = PV (1 + r)^n, where PV is current value ($300,000), r is the discount (or interest) rate, 0.10, and n is the number of years (4). So, the future value of $300,000 at this interest rate is $300,000 x (1.10)^4 = $300,000 x 1.464 = $439,200. The reverse, the present value of $500,000 four years from now, is $500,000/ 1.464 = $341,530. So, if you waited four years and spent $500,000, it would cost you $41,530 more in today’s equivalent value (at the discount rate of 10%) than if you spent $300,000 today.

Answer 98

c. General purpose vs. single purpose Two types of local governments are 1) general-purpose local government, which includes counties and townships; and 2) single-purpose, which includes school districts and fire districts.

Answer 99

A) The General fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 years.

Answer 100

B) Communities have both zoning and subdivision regulations to manage land use. Nuisance laws are not always about regulating land use, and restrictive covenants are private restrictions.

Answer 101

A) Groupware includes a variety of electronic technologies that support virtual collaboration. These techniques use hardware, software, and or internet technology to allow for sophisticated collaboration activities.

Answer 102

C) A heat map would illustrate the areas of the city where vacant housing is most concentrated. Because 5% is a relatively low number it would be less impactful in a chart. A citywide map would not be at a scale small enough to show individual properties. A photomontage would help illustrate the issue and could be used in combination with a heat map.

Answer 103

A) An environmental indicator is a scientific measurement that tracks environmental conditions over time.

Answer 104

C) The key message comes first to provide a clear and consistent statement, followed by the two “proof layers” to back up and reinforce this statement. Bridging is a technique used by planners to reframe controversial issues.

Answer 105

D) All of these answers are an important part of the budgeting process. Budgeting is like a planning process: it must consider in long-term consequences.

Answer 106

A) All of these are items to be discussed with the HR director; but initially, it would be best to start with a discussion of the classification scheme. This is about the kinds of employees you would have and the job titles they would have. Once you know the positions, you would then be better positioned to discuss recruitment, professional development, and performance assessment.

Answer 107

c. Consultation with the City Attorney about commission procedures

Answer 108

C) Land capability analysis allows the planner to understand the suitability of land for development.

Answer 109

B) These three are the commonly recognized sources of land use law in the United States. Zoning and subdivision regulations are enabled by state statutes.

Answer 110

D) The physical features are items that pertain to the land, such as geology. Land Value is not a physical feature.

Answer 111

In the 1930s, large-scale federal aid programs were instituted to spur recovery from the Great Depression.

Answer 112

C) It is important to keep the door open to the media, even if planners detect bias. Regardless of how a planner or planning agency is treated, it is essential to remain professional. Planners should always show interest and willingness to meet with the media to ensure that they are not seen as uncooperative. Even if a publication has not shown interest in planning, they should not be excluded them the distribution list when there is communications outreach.

Answer 113

B) Elected officials are intended to represent the interests of their constituents. But this is a passive form of public engagement. The other responses represent active forms of public engagement. The League of United Latin American Citizens seeks to advance the economic condition, educational attainment, and civil rights of Hispanics in the United States.

Answer 114

D) Postcards mailed to residents All of these are methods that could be used to elicit participation. The mailer is the method that allows for the broadest contact with residents. It is likely that you would pursue a mix of methods to ensure broad awareness of the meeting.

Answer 115

B) A mean is only appropriate for interval and ratio scale data. The values of nominal data just represent categories and in and of themselves are meaningless. The values given to the ranks for ordinal data similarly are not appropriate for computations.

Answer 116

D) The Message Pyramid is a technique for communicating clearly to the public. The Message Pyramid involves delivering a concise key statement that creates an environment and belief system for the audience. This statement is followed by two pieces of evidence: one that supports the benefits of planning and one that amplifies the first using data or evidence.

Answer 117

B) The National Scenic Byway Program provides guidelines for preparing scenic corridor plans. The National Scenic Byways Program is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Established in Title 23, Section 162 of the United States Code under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and reauthorized and expanded significantly in 1998 under The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century and again under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users in 2005. However the program was not renewed again.

Answer 118

A) A visual preference survey best determines aggregate resident preferences, especially around the physical look of the natural and built environments. A public hearing is best at the end of the planning process to allow for final thoughts, and brainstorming is best for determining goals at the beginning of the project rather than specific details. Mediation is best for identifying interests and priorities of opposing groups, rather than getting a sense for general resident preferences

Answer 119

D) New Urbanism integrates all of these principles.

Answer 120

D) The nominal group technique allows for brainstorming, enabling all members of a group to meaningfully participate. There are silent times allowing for idea generation followed by individual sharing of ideas.

Answer 121

C) There is no harm in notifying residents and property owners outside of your boundaries. Although the letter of the law means that you only need to give notice to the properties in your jurisdiction, you should not assume that residents outside of your jurisdiction are unaffected, or that staff from the other jurisdiction should make a determination without involving the affected properties.

Answer 122

B) The null hypothesis is the commonly accepted fact; it is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis. Researchers work to reject, nullify, or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they think explains a phenomenon, and then work to reject the null hypothesis.

Answer 123

B) Open meetings laws require that Planning Commission meetings be open to the public.

Answer 124

C) All of these conditions must be met for the ordinance to be upheld as constitutional.

Answer 125

A) Oregon's Measure 37 requires a landowner to be compensated if a land regulation results in a devaluation of the property—if they were the owner at the time the regulation was put in place.

Answer 126

A) Participatory Rural Appraisal is a group of techniques that allow for the provision and analysis of information by the public. These are typically highly visual including creation of maps or picture cards.

Answer 127

A planning cell allows citizens to learn about, assess and choose between multiple alternatives. Planning cells is a method for deliberation developed by Dr. Dienel, and is designed to be a "micro-parliament." In a planning cell, approximately 25 people from various backgrounds work together to develop a set of solutions to a problem delegated to the participants by a commissioning body.

Answer 128

C. A prescriptive easement is typically obtained under principles of adverse possession. A prescriptive easement can be earned through the ongoing and regular use of a property. A prescriptive easement allows the right to use the property and does not allow the farmer to gain title to the land. An easement appurtenant allows access to your property, for example giving you the right to use your neighbor’s driveway to access your property. A public utility easement is an easement in gross.

Answer 129

B) Citizens should be involved in the planning process as early as possible. In this case, citizens should aid in setting the plan goals.

Answer 130

C) The facilitator can introduce bias if the issues are specified by the facilitator and potential solutions are best suggested by the participants rather than the facilitator. The role of the facilitator is to record the meeting and help group ideas together.

Answer 131

A) Emphasize the importance of bringing together regional stakeholders including public and private sectors.

Answer 132

C) You would use a SAM to understand the existing state of the economy and use this to analyze the likely effects of policy proposals.

Answer 133

D) Many states have food policy councils focused on education and policy. Food policy councils typically avoid issues directly dealing with regulation, as these are managed by other organizations.

Answer 134

C) Roads are typically sloped up to a half-inch per foot in order to provide positive drainage. This is enough to ensure that the road does not collect water on its surface, which could present a significant chance for cars to hydroplane. One inch per foot of slope is more than is typically needed and would mean that the edges of the road would be one foot below its center, if a road is 24 feet wide.

Answer 135

A) Street furniture includes benches, planting, trash receptacles, and physical elements that improve the way pedestrian experience the district.

Answer 136

C) Public streets are public and open to on street parking. One key issue is that car sharing is that people are using the cars to get to a destination and on a residential street the destination is a particular house.

Answer 137

C) Whether social media posts are considered public record is a matter of state and local regulations around noticing and records retention. You should consult these regulations if you are concerned about whether a social media post is an appropriate place to post the video of a recent City Council meeting.

Answer 138

B) Option i. is specific to facilitation. Options iii. and iv. are specific to mediation. Only Option ii. is true of both mediation and facilitation, in which the facilitator has no stake in the outcome of the conflict.

Answer 139

B) Traffic analysis zones are geographic units that divide a region into similar areas of land use.

Answer 140

D) An urban growth boundary is a regional boundary that limits sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for higher density urban development and the area outside be used for low density development, such as agriculture.

Answer 141

A) Based on the Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters, assisted living facilities would have the lowest number of average vehicle trips per unit.

Answer 142

D) Vernacular architecture refers to architecture based on locally available materials

Answer 143

A) Congestion can be measured by a volume-to-capacity ratio (V/C Ratio). A V/C Ratio of greater than 1.0 indicates severe congestion.

Answer 144

C) Half a mile is a typical standard for transit oriented development. Pedestrians will typically walk up to half a mile to reach transit or destinations.