Pre Test Flashcards
First developmental subdivision of the brain
Fluid filled tube with walls of cells
Developmental stage with three swellings
- Forebrain: prosencephalon
- Midbrain: mesencephalon
- Hindbrain: rhombencephalon
Development of brain at around day 50
- Forebrain:
- telencephalon: will become the two hemispheres (cortex) and deeper structures basal ganglia and limbic system
- diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus - Midbrain: mesencephalon
- Hindbrain:
- metencephalon: cerebellum and pons
- Mylencephalon: medulla
Brain stem = midbrain, pons and medulla
Contralateral
Right side of the brain control es the left side of body and vice versa
Ipsilateral
Both on the same side
Nuclei
Aggregation of neurons
Bundles of axons in CNS
Tracts
Basal ganglia
Located under the cortex
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- Globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
–> motor control - most important function is the integration of motor patters with visual and auditive information
Limbic system
- amygdala (almond shaped) - emotion regulation
- hippocampus (sea horse) - important for learning -> MEMORY
- Fornix (fiber tracts extending with hippocampus to mammillary bodies) - learning
- cingulate gyrus
- Mammillary bodies
-> emotion, learning and memory
Towards the nose end
Anterior/rostral
Towards the tail end
Posterior /caudal
Towards the back or top of the head
Dorsal
Towards the chest or bottom of the head
Ventral
Towards the middle
Medial
Away from the middle
Lateral
Lower or below
Inferior
Upper or above
Superior
Telencephalon
Cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus
Mesencephalon
Midbrain, Tectum = inferior and superior colliculi, substantia nigra, red nucleus, reticula formation
Metencephalon
Cerebellum, pons, reticular formation
Mylencephalon
Medulla, reticular formation
Pyramidal cells
Cortex, one of the six layers -> isocortex
Basal dendrite- spread out horizontally
Apical dendrite - extend to the outmost layer of the cortex
Longitudinal fissure
Located between the two hemispheres
Central sulcus
Divides frontal from parietal lobe
Sylvians/ lateral fissure
Divides the portal lobe from frontal lobe and part of the parietal lobe
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid - production and distribution in the ventricles
Pre-central gyrus
Crucial for motor control
Post central gyrus
Receives somatosensory information from the entire body
White matter
Composed of myelinated axons
Gray matter
Neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites as well as all nerve synapses
Medial
Mid-plane
To which organ is the pituitary gland an extension?
Hypothalamus
Which of the two parts of the diencephalon is located most dorsally?
Thalamus
The hippocampus is part of which larger brain structure?
Telencephalon
Sagittal
Into left and right halves
Coronal plane
Front and back
Horizontal plane
Upper and lower
Near the trunk or center
Proximal
Towards the periphery
Distal
Basal ganglia function?
The integration of motor patterns with visual- and auditive information
Most important part of the brain cell with which it sends information to other cells?
Axons
The left and right hemisphere are connected by the…?
Corpus callosum
Which brain structure plays a central role in explicit or long term memory?
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Learning and memory - explicit or long term memory
Hypothalamus
Many nuclei with vital functions - autonomous control of metabolic functions ( energy, water balance, temperature …) reproductive behavior > also control es pituitary glands
Thalamus
Center of the brain - way station - almost all sensory information enters it
Specific nuclei = Has specific and selective relationships with particular portions of the neocortex -> all of the mentioned are relay specific
Nonspecific nuclei = project to several cortical and sub cortical regions
Cingulate gyrus
Direction of attention - Helps to regulate emotions and pain
Amygdala
Almond shapes - system for processing fearful and threatening/aggression stimuli
Mammillary bodies
Recollective memory
Caudate nucleus
Helps process visual information and control movement
Putamen
Involved in learning and motor control, including speech articulation, language functions, reward cognitive functions and addiction
Globus pallidus
Controls conscious and proprioceptive movements (the body’s ability to sense movement, action and location) - example walking without looking at your feet
Substantia nigra
Production of dopamine
Fornix
It’s fiber tracts extend with the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies - key role in cognition and episodic memory - also learning
Septum
Mediates the connection between the cortex and sub cortical limbic nuclei
Striatum
Composed of caudate nucleus and putamen - coordinates multiple aspects of cognition - motor and action planning, decision making, motivation, reinforcement and reward perception
Massa intermedia
Inter thalamic adhesion: connecting the two thalami nuclei - communication
Thalamus - Anterior nuclei
Receives input from mammillary nuclei oh hypothalamus and from the hippocampal formation
> role is uncertain - memory and emotion
Thalamus - Medial group
Receives input from basal ganglia, amygdala and midbrain - memory
Thalamus - ventral group
Conveys somatosensory information to neocortex from the basal ganglia and cerebellum
Thalamus - posterior group
Medial geniculate nuclei - auditory
Lateral geniculate nuclei - visual information
Thalamus- reticular nucleus
Forms the outer shell - modulates the activity of other thalamic nuclei
Cerebellum functions
Fine tuning of movement - balance- interaction of sensory nuclei
Pons
Coordinates facial movements hearing and balance - sensory nuclei - ear first in pons
