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Practical Neuroanatomy > Pre Test > Flashcards

Pre Test Flashcards

1
Q

First developmental subdivision of the brain

A

Fluid filled tube with walls of cells

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2
Q

Developmental stage with three swellings

A
  1. Forebrain: prosencephalon
  2. Midbrain: mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain: rhombencephalon
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3
Q

Development of brain at around day 50

A
  1. Forebrain:
    - telencephalon: will become the two hemispheres (cortex) and deeper structures basal ganglia and limbic system
    - diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
  2. Midbrain: mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain:
    - metencephalon: cerebellum and pons
    - Mylencephalon: medulla
    Brain stem = midbrain, pons and medulla
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4
Q

Contralateral

A

Right side of the brain control es the left side of body and vice versa

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5
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Both on the same side

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6
Q

Nuclei

A

Aggregation of neurons

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7
Q

Bundles of axons in CNS

A

Tracts

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8
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Located under the cortex
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- Globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
–> motor control - most important function is the integration of motor patters with visual and auditive information

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9
Q

Limbic system

A
  • amygdala (almond shaped) - emotion regulation
  • hippocampus (sea horse) - important for learning -> MEMORY
  • Fornix (fiber tracts extending with hippocampus to mammillary bodies) - learning
  • cingulate gyrus
  • Mammillary bodies
    -> emotion, learning and memory
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10
Q

Towards the nose end

A

Anterior/rostral

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11
Q

Towards the tail end

A

Posterior /caudal

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12
Q

Towards the back or top of the head

A

Dorsal

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13
Q

Towards the chest or bottom of the head

A

Ventral

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14
Q

Towards the middle

A

Medial

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15
Q

Away from the middle

A

Lateral

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16
Q

Lower or below

A

Inferior

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17
Q

Upper or above

A

Superior

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18
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia

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19
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

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20
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain, Tectum = inferior and superior colliculi, substantia nigra, red nucleus, reticula formation

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21
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum, pons, reticular formation

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22
Q

Mylencephalon

A

Medulla, reticular formation

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23
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Cortex, one of the six layers -> isocortex
Basal dendrite- spread out horizontally
Apical dendrite - extend to the outmost layer of the cortex

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24
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Located between the two hemispheres

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25
Q

Central sulcus

A

Divides frontal from parietal lobe

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26
Q

Sylvians/ lateral fissure

A

Divides the portal lobe from frontal lobe and part of the parietal lobe

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27
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid - production and distribution in the ventricles

28
Q

Pre-central gyrus

A

Crucial for motor control

29
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Receives somatosensory information from the entire body

30
Q

White matter

A

Composed of myelinated axons

31
Q

Gray matter

A

Neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites as well as all nerve synapses

32
Q

Medial

A

Mid-plane

33
Q

To which organ is the pituitary gland an extension?

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

Which of the two parts of the diencephalon is located most dorsally?

A

Thalamus

35
Q

The hippocampus is part of which larger brain structure?

A

Telencephalon

36
Q

Sagittal

A

Into left and right halves

37
Q

Coronal plane

A

Front and back

38
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Upper and lower

39
Q

Near the trunk or center

A

Proximal

40
Q

Towards the periphery

A

Distal

41
Q

Basal ganglia function?

A

The integration of motor patterns with visual- and auditive information

42
Q

Most important part of the brain cell with which it sends information to other cells?

A

Axons

43
Q

The left and right hemisphere are connected by the…?

A

Corpus callosum

44
Q

Which brain structure plays a central role in explicit or long term memory?

A

Hippocampus

45
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory - explicit or long term memory

46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Many nuclei with vital functions - autonomous control of metabolic functions ( energy, water balance, temperature …) reproductive behavior > also control es pituitary glands

47
Q

Thalamus

A

Center of the brain - way station - almost all sensory information enters it
Specific nuclei = Has specific and selective relationships with particular portions of the neocortex -> all of the mentioned are relay specific
Nonspecific nuclei = project to several cortical and sub cortical regions

48
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Direction of attention - Helps to regulate emotions and pain

49
Q

Amygdala

A

Almond shapes - system for processing fearful and threatening/aggression stimuli

50
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Recollective memory

51
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Helps process visual information and control movement

52
Q

Putamen

A

Involved in learning and motor control, including speech articulation, language functions, reward cognitive functions and addiction

53
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Controls conscious and proprioceptive movements (the body’s ability to sense movement, action and location) - example walking without looking at your feet

54
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Production of dopamine

55
Q

Fornix

A

It’s fiber tracts extend with the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies - key role in cognition and episodic memory - also learning

56
Q

Septum

A

Mediates the connection between the cortex and sub cortical limbic nuclei

57
Q

Striatum

A

Composed of caudate nucleus and putamen - coordinates multiple aspects of cognition - motor and action planning, decision making, motivation, reinforcement and reward perception

58
Q

Massa intermedia

A

Inter thalamic adhesion: connecting the two thalami nuclei - communication

59
Q

Thalamus - Anterior nuclei

A

Receives input from mammillary nuclei oh hypothalamus and from the hippocampal formation
> role is uncertain - memory and emotion

60
Q

Thalamus - Medial group

A

Receives input from basal ganglia, amygdala and midbrain - memory

61
Q

Thalamus - ventral group

A

Conveys somatosensory information to neocortex from the basal ganglia and cerebellum

62
Q

Thalamus - posterior group

A

Medial geniculate nuclei - auditory
Lateral geniculate nuclei - visual information

63
Q

Thalamus- reticular nucleus

A

Forms the outer shell - modulates the activity of other thalamic nuclei

64
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Fine tuning of movement - balance- interaction of sensory nuclei

65
Q

Pons

A

Coordinates facial movements hearing and balance - sensory nuclei - ear first in pons

Practical Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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