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1
Q

What type of bond is a Hydrogen bond?

A

An intermolecular bond

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2
Q

What’s an intermolecular bond?

A

A bond forming between molecules (not within them)

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3
Q

What are the three atoms that a H must be attached to for Hydrogen bonding to occur?

A

Oxygen
Fluorine
Nitrogen

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4
Q

Explain why ethanol has hydrogen bonds

A
  • O more electronegative than H on hydroxyl group
  • Meaning O has the electrons pulled closer towards it and away from the H- forming a dipole (delta+ H and delta- O)
  • This causes attraction between the delta positive and delta negative Hs and Os on other ethanol molecules, forming Hydrogen bonds
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5
Q

Why won’t a H bonded to a C hydrogen bond?

A

There’s not a large enough difference in electronegativity, therefore no dipole.

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6
Q

How does Hydrogen Bonding affect Boiling Point?

A

More hydrogen bonding= higher boiling point

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7
Q

What’s electronegativity?

A

A measure of an atoms ability to attract the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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8
Q

How does electronegativity vary in the periodic table?

A

It increases going across a period

It decreases going down a group

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9
Q

Why is it that substances with stronger IM bonds have higher boiling points?

A

It requires more energy to overcome these bonds

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10
Q

What are permanent dipoles?

A

When there’s a difference in electronegativity in a molecule so one atom will always be delta+ and the other delta-

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11
Q

What’s an instantaneous dipole?

A

The electron loud is always moving throughout a molecule so at some point it will happen to be more at one end of the molecule and form an instantaneous dipole with one part delta- and the other delta+

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12
Q

What’s an induced dipole?

A

When a non-polar molecule e.g. Cl2 is next to either a permanent dipole or an instantaneous dipole, which induces a dipole in the non-polar molecule

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13
Q

Give the 4 types of IM bond:

A
  • Permanent dipole-permanent dipole
  • Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
  • Permanent dipole- induced dipole
  • Hydrogen bond
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14
Q

What’s a Hydroxyl group?

A

an O-H group

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15
Q

What’s an enantiomer the same as?

A

An optical isomer

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16
Q

What’s the general structure of an Amino Acid?

A

Central C, with an amine (NH2) group attached, as well as an H, a carboxyl group and a varying R group (depending on the Amino Acid)

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17
Q

What’s an alpha-amino acid?

A

When the amine and the carboxyl groups are bonded to the same carbon

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18
Q

What’s a beta-amino acid?

A

When there’s two central carbons, so the carboxyl and amine groups are bonded to different carbons

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19
Q

What’s a zwitterion?

A

Where an amino acid reacts with itself with the H+ from the carboxyl group leaves (forming COO-) and goes to the Amine group (forming NH3+)

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20
Q

What are the two important points about zwitterions?

A
  • They have no overall charge

- They form at a specific isoelectric point (pH) which is different for each amino acid.

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21
Q

In acidic conditions, what does an amino do when in acidic conditions?

A

The Carboxylic acid group keeps its H and the NH2 group gains a H+- forming NH3

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22
Q

In basic conditions what happens to a amino acid?

A

The carboxylic acid group loses a H (leaving COO-) and any carboxyl groups in the R group will lose their H

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23
Q

What’s the reaction joining Amino Acids called?

A

condensation reaction

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24
Q

What’s the bond between Amino acids called?

A

peptide bond

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25
What's a polypeptide?
Many amino acids in a chain joined by peptide bonds
26
What's a protein?
50+ amino acids joined by peptide bonds
27
What's the primary structure of a protein?
The arrangement/chain of amino acids in a polypeptide.
28
What are the products of acid hydrolysis of an ester?
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid
29
What are the products of alkaline hydrolysis of an ester?
Alcohol + Carboxylate ion
30
What are the products of Acid hydrolysis of an amide?
Ammonium ion + Carboxylic acid
31
What are the products of alkaline hydrolysis of an amide?
Amine + Carboxylate ion
32
Where do Sulfur Oxides (SOx) come from?
Burning fuels containing sulfur | volcanoes
33
What are the polluting effects of SOx
Toxic gas | causes acid rain
34
What's a covalent bond?
A very strong attraction between the bonding electrons and the nuclei of the atoms bonding
35
What do covalent bonds form between?
Non-metals
36
What's a coordinate bond?
A dative- covalent bond (where one of the atoms in the bond donates both bonding electrons)
37
What's the coordination number of a complex ion?
The number of coordinate bonds within a complex ion (between the metal and the ligand) - not necessarily the same number as the number of the ligands
38
Define the term ligand
An atom or ion with a lone pair that can form a coordinate (dative) bond to a metal by donating the lone pair of electrons.
39
What is a monodentate ligand?
A ligand which forms 1 coordinate bond with the metal per ligand
40
Give an example of a monodentate ligand
H2O, OH-, NH3+, CN-, Cl-
41
What's a bidentate ligand?
A ligand which forms 2 coordinate bonds with the metal per ligand
42
Give an example of a bidentate ligand
Ethanedioate
43
Give the formula of ethanedioate
C2O4 2-
44
When will ligand substitution occur?
When the new metal ion complex is more stable than the previous one
45
Give the equation of the ligand substitution from Copper with water ligands to Copper with Chloride ligands
[Cu(H2O)6] 2+ + 4Cl- --> [CuCl4] 2- + 6H2O
46
What's the colour change when Aqueous copper 2+ is substituted for Copper with chloride ligands?
Blue (with water) to yellow (with chloride)
47
Give the equation of the ligand substitution from Copper with water ligand to copper with ammonia and water ligands
[Cu(H2O)6] 2+ + 4NH3 --> [Cu(NH)4(H2O)2] 2+ + 4H2O
48
What's the colour change going from copper with water ligands to copper with water and ammonia ligands?
Blue (with water) to violet (with water and ammonia)
49
What are polymers made up of?
Monomers
50
What are the two types of polymerisation?
Addition and condensation
51
What's addition polymerisation?
Where the monomers join together forming a polymer by breaking double bonds- no lost atom/molecule
52
What's condensation polymerisation?
Where bonds between monomers form by the loss of an H2O (from H and OH groups on monomers).
53
What's nylon made of?
Dicarbxylic acid and diamine monomers
54
Strength of Hydrogen as a fuel
-Can be made from electrolysis of water
55
weakness of Hydrogen as a fuel
- less energy dense | - Produces more NOx
56
Strength of biodiesel as a fuel
- Biodegradable if spilled | - Can be made from waste oil
57
Weakness of biodiesel as a fuel
produces more NOx
58
Give 2 properties of thermosoftening plastics/polymers
- soften when heated | - can be moulded when heated
59
Give 2 properties of thermosetting plastics
- hard structure - higher boiling point - strong
60
What makes polymers thermosoftening?
The polymers are only bonded together by Intermolecular bonds (weak), takes less energy to overcome these bonds.
61
What makes polymers thermosetting?
Polymers bonded by bonds e.g. disulphide bridges which are stronger than IM bonds therefore takes more energy to overcome these bonds.
62
What does the pH scale measure?
Hydrogen ion/proton (H+) concentration
63
What calculation is used to work out pH if we know H+ concentration?
pH = -log10[H+]
64
What equation is used when working out H+ concentration for weak acids?
Ka= [H+(aq)][A-(aq)]/[HA(aq)]
65
What are the 2 assumptions for weak acids?
- [H+]=[A-] (the concentration of H+ is the same as the concentration of A-) - The concentration of HA is the same as it was before the equilibrium was set up
66
What equation is used to work out the H+ concentration of strong alkalis?
Kw=[H+][OH-]
67
What's a chromophore?
An atom or group whose presence is responsible for colour in a compound
68
What's a quinone?
A benzene which has had 2 of its Hydrogens replaced by oxygens `
69
What's an alkali?
A soluble base
70
What's the standard enthalpy of neutralisation?
The enthalpy change when an acid and its equivalent base react together to form one mole of water under standard conditions
71
How does the solubility of group 2 hydroxides change going down the group?
increases

chemistry (4 decks)

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