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pre-release Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of bond is a Hydrogen bond?

A

An intermolecular bond

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2
Q

What’s an intermolecular bond?

A

A bond forming between molecules (not within them)

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3
Q

What are the three atoms that a H must be attached to for Hydrogen bonding to occur?

A

Oxygen
Fluorine
Nitrogen

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4
Q

Explain why ethanol has hydrogen bonds

A
  • O more electronegative than H on hydroxyl group
  • Meaning O has the electrons pulled closer towards it and away from the H- forming a dipole (delta+ H and delta- O)
  • This causes attraction between the delta positive and delta negative Hs and Os on other ethanol molecules, forming Hydrogen bonds
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5
Q

Why won’t a H bonded to a C hydrogen bond?

A

There’s not a large enough difference in electronegativity, therefore no dipole.

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6
Q

How does Hydrogen Bonding affect Boiling Point?

A

More hydrogen bonding= higher boiling point

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7
Q

What’s electronegativity?

A

A measure of an atoms ability to attract the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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8
Q

How does electronegativity vary in the periodic table?

A

It increases going across a period

It decreases going down a group

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9
Q

Why is it that substances with stronger IM bonds have higher boiling points?

A

It requires more energy to overcome these bonds

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10
Q

What are permanent dipoles?

A

When there’s a difference in electronegativity in a molecule so one atom will always be delta+ and the other delta-

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11
Q

What’s an instantaneous dipole?

A

The electron loud is always moving throughout a molecule so at some point it will happen to be more at one end of the molecule and form an instantaneous dipole with one part delta- and the other delta+

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12
Q

What’s an induced dipole?

A

When a non-polar molecule e.g. Cl2 is next to either a permanent dipole or an instantaneous dipole, which induces a dipole in the non-polar molecule

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13
Q

Give the 4 types of IM bond:

A
  • Permanent dipole-permanent dipole
  • Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
  • Permanent dipole- induced dipole
  • Hydrogen bond
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14
Q

What’s a Hydroxyl group?

A

an O-H group

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15
Q

What’s an enantiomer the same as?

A

An optical isomer

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16
Q

What’s the general structure of an Amino Acid?

A

Central C, with an amine (NH2) group attached, as well as an H, a carboxyl group and a varying R group (depending on the Amino Acid)

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17
Q

What’s an alpha-amino acid?

A

When the amine and the carboxyl groups are bonded to the same carbon

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18
Q

What’s a beta-amino acid?

A

When there’s two central carbons, so the carboxyl and amine groups are bonded to different carbons

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19
Q

What’s a zwitterion?

A

Where an amino acid reacts with itself with the H+ from the carboxyl group leaves (forming COO-) and goes to the Amine group (forming NH3+)

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20
Q

What are the two important points about zwitterions?

A
  • They have no overall charge

- They form at a specific isoelectric point (pH) which is different for each amino acid.

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21
Q

In acidic conditions, what does an amino do when in acidic conditions?

A

The Carboxylic acid group keeps its H and the NH2 group gains a H+- forming NH3

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22
Q

In basic conditions what happens to a amino acid?

A

The carboxylic acid group loses a H (leaving COO-) and any carboxyl groups in the R group will lose their H

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23
Q

What’s the reaction joining Amino Acids called?

A

condensation reaction

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24
Q

What’s the bond between Amino acids called?

A

peptide bond

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25
Q

What’s a polypeptide?

A

Many amino acids in a chain joined by peptide bonds

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26
Q

What’s a protein?

A

50+ amino acids joined by peptide bonds

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27
Q

What’s the primary structure of a protein?

A

The arrangement/chain of amino acids in a polypeptide.

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28
Q

What are the products of acid hydrolysis of an ester?

A

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid

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29
Q

What are the products of alkaline hydrolysis of an ester?

A

Alcohol + Carboxylate ion

30
Q

What are the products of Acid hydrolysis of an amide?

A

Ammonium ion + Carboxylic acid

31
Q

What are the products of alkaline hydrolysis of an amide?

A

Amine + Carboxylate ion

32
Q

Where do Sulfur Oxides (SOx) come from?

A

Burning fuels containing sulfur

volcanoes

33
Q

What are the polluting effects of SOx

A

Toxic gas

causes acid rain

34
Q

What’s a covalent bond?

A

A very strong attraction between the bonding electrons and the nuclei of the atoms bonding

35
Q

What do covalent bonds form between?

A

Non-metals

36
Q

What’s a coordinate bond?

A

A dative- covalent bond (where one of the atoms in the bond donates both bonding electrons)

37
Q

What’s the coordination number of a complex ion?

A

The number of coordinate bonds within a complex ion (between the metal and the ligand) - not necessarily the same number as the number of the ligands

38
Q

Define the term ligand

A

An atom or ion with a lone pair that can form a coordinate (dative) bond to a metal by donating the lone pair of electrons.

39
Q

What is a monodentate ligand?

A

A ligand which forms 1 coordinate bond with the metal per ligand

40
Q

Give an example of a monodentate ligand

A

H2O, OH-, NH3+, CN-, Cl-

41
Q

What’s a bidentate ligand?

A

A ligand which forms 2 coordinate bonds with the metal per ligand

42
Q

Give an example of a bidentate ligand

A

Ethanedioate

43
Q

Give the formula of ethanedioate

A

C2O4 2-

44
Q

When will ligand substitution occur?

A

When the new metal ion complex is more stable than the previous one

45
Q

Give the equation of the ligand substitution from Copper with water ligands to Copper with Chloride ligands

A

[Cu(H2O)6] 2+ + 4Cl- –> [CuCl4] 2- + 6H2O

46
Q

What’s the colour change when Aqueous copper 2+ is substituted for Copper with chloride ligands?

A

Blue (with water) to yellow (with chloride)

47
Q

Give the equation of the ligand substitution from Copper with water ligand to copper with ammonia and water ligands

A

[Cu(H2O)6] 2+ + 4NH3 –> [Cu(NH)4(H2O)2] 2+ + 4H2O

48
Q

What’s the colour change going from copper with water ligands to copper with water and ammonia ligands?

A

Blue (with water) to violet (with water and ammonia)

49
Q

What are polymers made up of?

A

Monomers

50
Q

What are the two types of polymerisation?

A

Addition and condensation

51
Q

What’s addition polymerisation?

A

Where the monomers join together forming a polymer by breaking double bonds- no lost atom/molecule

52
Q

What’s condensation polymerisation?

A

Where bonds between monomers form by the loss of an H2O (from H and OH groups on monomers).

53
Q

What’s nylon made of?

A

Dicarbxylic acid and diamine monomers

54
Q

Strength of Hydrogen as a fuel

A

-Can be made from electrolysis of water

55
Q

weakness of Hydrogen as a fuel

A
  • less energy dense

- Produces more NOx

56
Q

Strength of biodiesel as a fuel

A
  • Biodegradable if spilled

- Can be made from waste oil

57
Q

Weakness of biodiesel as a fuel

A

produces more NOx

58
Q

Give 2 properties of thermosoftening plastics/polymers

A
  • soften when heated

- can be moulded when heated

59
Q

Give 2 properties of thermosetting plastics

A
  • hard structure
  • higher boiling point
  • strong
60
Q

What makes polymers thermosoftening?

A

The polymers are only bonded together by Intermolecular bonds (weak), takes less energy to overcome these bonds.

61
Q

What makes polymers thermosetting?

A

Polymers bonded by bonds e.g. disulphide bridges which are stronger than IM bonds therefore takes more energy to overcome these bonds.

62
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

Hydrogen ion/proton (H+) concentration

63
Q

What calculation is used to work out pH if we know H+ concentration?

A

pH = -log10[H+]

64
Q

What equation is used when working out H+ concentration for weak acids?

A

Ka= [H+(aq)][A-(aq)]/[HA(aq)]

65
Q

What are the 2 assumptions for weak acids?

A
  • [H+]=[A-] (the concentration of H+ is the same as the concentration of A-)
  • The concentration of HA is the same as it was before the equilibrium was set up
66
Q

What equation is used to work out the H+ concentration of strong alkalis?

A

Kw=[H+][OH-]

67
Q

What’s a chromophore?

A

An atom or group whose presence is responsible for colour in a compound

68
Q

What’s a quinone?

A

A benzene which has had 2 of its Hydrogens replaced by oxygens `

69
Q

What’s an alkali?

A

A soluble base

70
Q

What’s the standard enthalpy of neutralisation?

A

The enthalpy change when an acid and its equivalent base react together to form one mole of water under standard conditions

71
Q

How does the solubility of group 2 hydroxides change going down the group?

A

increases

chemistry (4 decks)

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