Pre Partition

Question 1

Ideology of Pakistan Ideology of Pakistan and different Scholars

Answer 1

Dr. Aslam Syed: ìIdeology of Pakistan is the name of molding of
individual and collective lives according to Islam and also of
saving from conflicting ideologies.î

Question 2

What is Ideology

Answer 2

. A form of social or political philosophy in which practical
elements are as prominent as theoretical ones.

Question 3

Historical aspects of The Ideology of Pakistan

Answer 3

. Historical experience provided the base; Subcontinent not
only faced a struggle of political supremacy but was a clash
of two social orders
Evolution of ëTwo Nation Theoryí;
i. Beginning of Muslim Nationalism; first hindu accepted
islam
Hindi-Urdu Controversy
i. Hindu revivalist movements turned more against the
Muslims especially after 1857.

Question 4

Characteristics of The Muslim nationalism

Answer 4

Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play.
ii. Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or region.
iii. Religious and Cultural tolerance.
iv. Respect for human dignity and rights. v. Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and
freedom to practice their beliefs and religions.

Question 5

Muslim Rule in Subcontinent-Downfall and Efforts for Renaissance

Answer 5

Arab Conquest: The Arab conquest of Sindh is the landmark
event in the history of subcontinent. It gave Muslims a firm
foothold in the region. (M Bin Qasimís attack in 711 AD).
Turkish Period: Arabs were succeeded by Turks from 10
th
Century. It properly rose in Afghanistan under the leadership of
Sultan Mahmud, Mahmud Ghauri in 1196 A.D
Mughal Period: The Mughal Rule formally began in 1526 with
the invasion of Babur.

Question 6

Causes of decline of mughal empire

Answer 6

a. Majority of Non-Muslim Population
b. Akbarís religious policy of Tolerance ëDin-e-ilahií c. Untrustworthy Administration
d. Luxurious Living Standards of Mughal Rulers-Lavish spending
e. Lack of military discipline
f. Huge size of the Empire
g. Lack of timely Communication
h. Financial Mismanagement
i. Sectarian jealousy and violence
j. Wars of succession
k. Local Insurections
i. Marathas in Deccan
ii. Rajpoots and movements of Banaras
iii. Sikhs in Punjab
l. Foreign attacks and Colonization
i. 1739-Nadir Shah of Iran attacked and destroyed delhi
ii. Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked India
iii. Third Battle of Panipat defeated Marathas

Question 7

Efforts For Renaissance

Answer 7

a. Role of Sufis
b. Role of Reformists; Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, ShaH Wali Ullah, and Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi
c. Role of Educationists: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama
Muhammad Iqbal

Question 8

Movements for Reforms- Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi

Answer 8

Social conditions during his time
a. Populace belief in Karamat
b. Ulema refer to Jurisprudence rather than Quran
c. Akbarís anti Islamic look: Din-E-Elahi, Title Of Mujahhid-I-Azam
And Imam-I-Adil. d. Hindu cultural domination
e. Bakhti Movement
f. Wahdat al Wajood theory.

Question 9

Mujahid efforts for the resistance of Muslim society

Answer 9

a. Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi (Exposed its fallacy)
b. Theory of Wahdat-ul-Shahood
c. Emphasis on Ittibat-I-Sunnah and the Commandments of Sharia. d. Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood: sufis of Akbarís time presented
the wrong concept that there is no difference between God and
creations. He negated that and presented wahdat-ul-shahud that
creator and creations are two separate entities. e. Refusal to prostate ñ society purification
i. Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years
Preparation of Disciples
g. Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani
i. Letters to important nobles and leaders
ii. Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar
Jehan.

Question 10

Movement of Reforms: Shah Walli Ullah

Answer 10

2) Conditions
a. Incapable successor of Aurangzeb
b. Un-Islamic trends, c. Muslim life honour property not secured, d. Shia-Suni conflicts, e. Marhats and Sikhs challengers

Question 11

SHAHíS EFFORTS

Answer 11

Religious work
i. Translation of Holy Quran in Persian ñ 1738
ii. Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in
Arabic and Persian
iii. Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un- Islamic trends
iv. Trained students in different Islamic knowledge
v. Recommended application of Ijtehad
vi. Initiated Tatbiq  liberal element
vii. Balance b/w four schools ñ
viii. Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni ñ Khilafat-al Khulafa
Political work
i. Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire
ii. Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs
Social work
i. Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in
subcontinent
ii. Concept of reorientation of Muslim society
iii. Basic social justice
iv. Removing social inequalities
Concept of economy
i. Production of wealth
ii. Consumption of wealth
iii. Distribution of wealth
iv. Exchange of wealth
4) Literary work
a. Izalat-al-Akifa
b. Khalifa-al-Khulafa
c. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
d. Master piece of literature 1738
e. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah
f. Quranic translation in Persian.

Question 12

Movement of Reforms-Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi

Answer 12

Condition
a. Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims
b. NWFP by Sikhs.

Question 13

Objectives

Answer 13

a. Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power
through armed struggle
b. Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles

Question 14

Efforts

Answer 14

4) Jehad Movement
a. HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826
b. Battles
i. OKARA 1826
ii. HAZRO 1827
c. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy
i. He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000
ii. Tried to poison Syed Ahmad
iii. Killed by Mujahideen in 1829
d. BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR.

Question 15

Causes of Failure

Answer 15

b. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen
c. Financial sources of Ranjit Singh
d. Misunderstandings created by Ranjit Singh
e. Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing them to spy, revolt & slaughter
Mujahideen
f. No support for poors ñ Zakat collection
g. Islamic laws during war ñ compulsory girls & widow marriage
h. Severe punishment
i. Pathans were against Wahabisim
Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjitís army ñ training &
modern war strategy.

Question 16

Educational Institutions- Aligarh Movement

Answer 16

Introduction
a. The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. b. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their
adversaries because they had ousted them from power
c. The British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic
changes
d. Arabic, Persian and religious education banned in schools
e. English made not only the medium of instruction but also the
official language in 1835.

Question 17

Aligarh movement

Answer 17

Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement
a. Objective:
i. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
ii. Cooperation with the British government
b. Schools
i. Muradabad (1859)
ii. Ghazipur (1863)
c. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
i. (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
ii. 1866 ñ Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse
sentiments of goodwill & friendship)
d. Muhammadan Educational Conference
i. Established in 1866  held public meetings, discussed
modern education techniques  Nawab Mohsan al Malik,.

Question 18

4) Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement

Answer 18

a. Muslims should avoid active politics
b. Sir Syed wrote ìRisala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind

Question 19

4) Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement

Answer 19

a. Muslims should avoid active politics
b. Sir Syed wrote ìRisala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind

Question 20

Religious Services of Aligarh Movement

Answer 20

a. Wrote ìEssay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattleî in response
to William Muireís objectionable remarks in ìLife of
Muhammadî b. Philosophical commentary ìTabaeen-al-Kalamî on bible ñ point
out similarities

Question 21

Social services of Aligarh Movement

Answer 21

a. ìTahzib-ul-Akhlaqî  criticized conservative way of life and
advised to adopt new trend
b. Established Orphanage houses
c. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu  protecting Urdu
d. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab  Muslims can eat with Christians
e. Pioneer of two nation theory
i. Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
ii. Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
iii. Shakespeare dialogue.

Question 22

7) Features of Aligarh

Answer 22

a. Western & Eastern Education
b. Islamic Education
c. Residential College
d. European and Indian staff
e. Non-Muslim students
f. Loyalist Disposition.

Question 23

Features of Aligarh

Answer 23

a. Western & Eastern Education
b. Islamic Education
c. Residential College
d. European and Indian staff
e. Non-Muslim students
f. Loyalist Disposition.

Question 24

9) Causes of WOI 1857

Answer 24

a. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
b. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
c. Mismanagement of Indian army
d. Ill advised measure of govít
e. Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
f. 1866 ñ Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh ñ to
express grievances of Indians to govít
g. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
h. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 ñ forum for those who did not
join Congress
i. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 ñ Against Hindu
Revivalist movements
j. Arya Smaj ñ Hindustan 1977
k. B G Tilak ñ Cow Slaughter
l. Shudhi ñ.

Question 25

Educational Institutions- DEOBAND

Answer 25

1) Introduction
a. Started at April 1866
b. Aligarh movement was cooperating with British
c. Christians working to convert Muslims into Christianity
d. Apr 1866 ñ Madrasah established at Deoband  2nd to Al Azhar
Cairo

Question 26

Political Services of Deoband

Answer 26

Jamiat Ulama I Islam Thanvi group  lead by Ashraf Ali
Thanvi, Shabir Ahmad Usmani  Muslim league
b. Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind  Madni group  lead by Maulana
Hussain Madani, Mufti Kafayat Ullah influenced by Abu-ul- Kalam Azad  Congress

Question 27

Educational Services of Deoband

Answer 27

A great religious Madrasah  2nd to Al Azhar

Question 28

Deoband and Aligarh

Answer 28

a. Policy towards British
b. Political role of Muslims
c. Emphasizing area of education

Question 29

Educational Institutions- NADWA

Answer 29

1) Introduction
a. NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW (1894)
b. Aligarh  acquisition of western education
c. Deoband  religious education
d. Need for balanced school

Question 30

Objectives

Answer 30

a. Promoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social
regeneration of Muslims, Work to remove secretarial differences
b. British govít opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as
a political institute).

Question 31

Ideology of Pakistan in the statement of Allama Iqbal

Answer 31

2) Separate Recognition of Muslims: ìIndia is not a country, it is a Sub- continent of human beings belonging to different languages and
practicing different religions. Muslim nation has its own religious and
cultural identity.
Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts: Western democracy is
devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive outlook.
Concept of separate Muslim State: ìI want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan in the form of one homogenous state. Whether
India gets independences under the crown of England or out of it, I think
independent state of western provinces is the destiny of the people living
there.
5) Acclamation of Idea of Single Nation: ìI remained the supporter of this
idea but now I am of the view that preservation of separate nationhood
is useful for Hindus and Muslims birth. To have the concept of single
nation in India is no doubt poetic and beautiful but impractical regarding
present circumstances.î (March, 1909 when lqbal refused to address a
meeting held by Minvra Raj Amritsar)
Concept of Two Nation Theory: ìDespite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims have their own individual ideologies so the only
solution of political conflict in India is to have a separate independent
parliament for each nation.î 7) Eradication of Racial & Regional Prejudices: ìConcept of nation and
homeland is confusing the Muslims. That is why Islamic humane objects
are becoming dim. It is also possible that these concepts may destroy the
real concepts of Islam.
8) Explanation of Relation of Islam & politics: ìIslam does not consider
matter and soul separate from each other. Allah, Universe and state all
are the basic elements of single unit. Man is not so alien that he should
leave worldly affairs for the sake of religion
12) Opposition of Nationalism: ìI am opposed to nationalism, not
because if it is allowed to develop in India. It is likely to bring less
material gain to Muslims. I am opposed to it because I see in it the germs
of atheistic materialism which I look upon as the greatest danger to
modern humanity.

Question 32

Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of QUAID E AZAM

Answer 32

He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader
possessing a visionary leadership
Jinnah and his transition from Hundu-Muslim Unity to Two
NationTheory
Pakistan as A modern Democracy: ìPakistan was to be a modern
democratic state that derived its ethical foundation from Islam where the
source of guidance and inspiration for constitution making and
governance is going to be IslamîC
India an amalgam of cultures:
Muslims as a Nation: ìIt has been taken for granted mistakenly that
Muslims are a minority, and of course we got used to it for such a long
time that these settled notions sometimes difficult to remove.
Muslims as a distinctive nation
a. ìWe are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization,
language and literature, art and architecture, sense of values and
proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendars, history and traditions.
Islam as the binding force: Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the
Islamic ideology as well which has to be preserved.