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Critical Thinking > Pre-Midterm Terms > Flashcards

Pre-Midterm Terms Flashcards

Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Logical Fallacies, Chapter 5, and Chapter 6.

1
Q

What is an “Argument”?

A

A group of statements in which some of them (the premises) are intended to support another of them (the conclusion)

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2
Q

What is an “Explanation”?

A

A statement or statements intended to tell why or how something is the case.

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3
Q

What is “Logic”?

A

The study of good reasoning, or inference, and the rules that govern it.

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4
Q

What is a “Conclusion”?

A

In an argument, the statement that the premises are intended to support.

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5
Q

What are “Indicator Words”?

A

Words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that premise or conclusion is present.

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6
Q

What is a “Premise”?

A

In an argument, a statement, or reason, given in support of the conclusion.

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7
Q

What is “Critical Thinking”?

A

The systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs, or statements, by rational standards.

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8
Q

What is an “Inference”?

A

The process of reasoning from a premise or premises to a conclusion based on those premises.

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9
Q

What is a “Statement”?

A

An assertion that something is or is not the case.

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10
Q

What is an “Appeal to Common Practice”?

A

The fallacy of accepting or rejecting a claim based solely on what groups of people generally do or how they behave (when the action or behavior is irrelevant to the truth of the claim).

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11
Q

What is “Philosophical Skepticism”?

A

The view that we know much less than we think we do or nothing at all.

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12
Q

What is “Stereotyping”?

A

Classifying individuals into groups according to oversimplified or prejudiced attitudes or opinions.

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13
Q

What is an “Appeal to Popularity (or to the Masses)”

A

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it.

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14
Q

What is the “Dunning-Kruger Effect”?

A

The phenomenon of being ignorant of how ignorant we are.

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15
Q

What is the “False Consensus Effect”?

A

The tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share our opinions, attitudes, and preferences.

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16
Q

What is a “homophily”?

A

The tendency to give more credence to a statement if it comes from our friend.

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17
Q

What is the “Illusion-of-Truth Effect”?

A

A phenomenon in which you come to believe that a false claim is actually true simply because it is familiar.

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18
Q

What is the “Mere Exposure Effect”?

A

The idea that just being exposed repeatedly to words or images (even without registering them consciously) can induce a favorable or comfortable feeling towards them, whether or not there is any good reason for doing so.

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19
Q

What is “Motivated Reasoning”?

A

Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion, not to uncover the truth.

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20
Q

What is “Philosophical Skeptics”?

A

Those who embrace philosophical skepticism.

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21
Q

What is a “Subjectivist Fallacy”?

A

Accepting the notion of subjective relativism or using it to try to support a claim.

22
Q

What is “Social Relativism”?

A

The view that truth is relative to societies.

23
Q

What is “Worldview”?

A

A philosophy of life; a set of beliefs and theories that helps us make sense of a wide range issues in life.

24
Q

What is “Peer Pressure”?

A

Group pressure to accept or reject a claim based solely on what one’s peers think or do.

25
Q

What is “Circular Reasoning”?

A

When rather than explaining your arguments by providing reasoning you simply just fall back onto the premise of your argument.

26
Q

What is a “Hasty Generalization”?

A

When someone makes an assumption about something based off of one singular even rather than considering everything else.

27
Q

Slippery Slope

A

When one small even leads to a big outcome by a series of events.

28
Q

What is “Straw man”?

A

When someone makes a rebuttal/changes the words to a claim you didn’t make.

29
Q

Ad Hominem

A

An attack on someone’s personal character to discredit their argument.

30
Q

False Dichotomy

A

When an argument presents two points while disregarding or ignoring others in order to narrow the argument in one person’s favor.

31
Q

Appeal to Emotion

A

When a writer or speaker uses emotion-based language to try to persuade the reader or listener of a certain belief or position.

32
Q

Equivocation

A

When an argument is presented in an ambiguous, double-sided way, making the argument misleading.

33
Q

Bandwagon Appeal

A

An appeal that presents the thoughts of a group of people in order to persuade someone to think the same way.

33
Q

False Analogy

A

When two things that are unalike are being based on a trivial similarity in order to prove a point.

34
Q

What is an “Analogy”?

A

A comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects.

35
Q

What is an “Argument by Analogy (Analogical Induction)”?

A

An argument making use of analogy, reasoning that because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respect.

36
Q

What is a “Biased Sample”?

A

A sample that does not represent the target group.

37
Q

What is “Confidence Level”?

A

In statistical theory, the probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error.

38
Q

What is an “Enumerative Induction”?

A

An induction argument pattern in which we reason from premises about individual members of a group to conclusions about the group as a whole.

39
Q

What is a “Hasty Generalization”?

A

The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size.

40
Q

What is “Margin of Error”?

A

The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group.

41
Q

What is “Random Sample”?

A

A sample that is selected randomly from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative. In a simple random selection, every member of the target group has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

42
Q

What is “Relevant Property”?

A

In enumerative induction, a property, or characteristic, that is of interest in the target group.

43
Q

What is a “Representative Sample”?

A

In enumerative induction, a sample that resembles the target group in all relevant ways.

44
Q

What is a “Sample (Sample Member)”?

A

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group.

45
Q

What is a “Target Group”?

A

In enumerative induction, the whole collection of individuals under study.

46
Q

What is a “Fallacious Appeal to Authority”?

A

The fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone deemed to be an expert who in fact is not an expert.

47
Q

What is “Background Information”?

A

Background information is that huge collection of very well supported beliefs that we all rely on to inform our actions and choices. A great deal of this lore consists of basic facts about everyday things, beliefs based on very good evidence (including our own personal observations and the statements of excellent authorities), and strongly justified claims that we would regard as “common sense” or “common knowledge”. Background beliefs include obvious claims such as “the sun is hot,” “the Easter bunny is not real,” “human are mortal,” “fire burns,” and “George Washington lived in the eighteenth century.”

48
Q

What is an “Expert”?

A

Someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area or field than most others are.

49
Q

What is the “Gambler’s Fallacy”?

A

The error of thinking that previous events can affect the probabilities in the random event at hand.

50
Q

What is the “Method of Proof”?

A

A way to confirm the validity of an argument by deducing its conclusion from its premises using simple, valid argument forms.

Critical Thinking (1 decks)

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