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ZOO 2090 lecture > Pre Midterm Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Pre Midterm Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what does diffusion require?

A
  • large surface area between environmental medium and blood
  • thin barrier
  • effective ventilation
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2
Q

What is the fish gill designed for?

A

gas exchange in water

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3
Q

What are the closest relatives to the phylum chordata?

A
  • phylum hemichordata (acorn worms)

- phylum echinodermata (star fish)

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4
Q

what makes up the deutrostoma?

A

chordata, hemichordata, echinodermata

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5
Q

why is the phylum hemichordata considered closely related to the chordata?

A

they share pharyngeal gills

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6
Q

what is the phylum echinodermata?

A

marine deuterostomes with radial symmetry as adults, bilateral symmetry as larvae

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7
Q

what are the 3 subphyla of the phylum chordata?

A

Urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata

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8
Q

5 characteristics of chordates

A 
notochord
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
postanal tail
endostyle/thyroid gland
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9
Q

describe the structure of the notochord

A
  • fluid filled elastic rod

- dorsal to gut tube and ventral to the nerve cord

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10
Q

what is the function of the notochord?

A
  • keeps body straight
  • prevents collapse during muscle contractions
  • promotes/organizes embryological development or nearby structures
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11
Q

what takes over the function of the notochord in more recently evolved species?

A

the vertebral column

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12
Q

how is the hollow nerve cord formed?

A

formed by invagination of the surface cells in embryo

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13
Q

true or false: the neural tube is dorsal to the gut tube

A

true

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14
Q

describe the structure and location of the pharyngeal slits

A
  • located in pharyngeal area of digestive tract begin oral cavort
  • slits form in wall of pharyngeal pouch
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15
Q

What is the function of pharyngeal slits in aquatic species

A

slits and pouches create water current between mouth and pharynx for feeding and respiration

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16
Q

What is the function of pharyngeal slits in terrestrial species

A

transient embryo structures and slits not opened in pouch all

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17
Q

describe the structure of the postanal tail

A

located posterior to anus

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18
Q

what is the function of the postanal tail?

A

swimming

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19
Q

describe the structure of the endostyle

A

granular groove on the floor of the pharynx

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20
Q

what is the function of the endostyle

A
  • secretes mucous
  • traps food particles
  • involved in iodine metabolism
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21
Q

what is the endostyle an early version of

A

the thyroid gland

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22
Q

What era were the oldest vertebrates found?

A

early Cambrian (540 mya)

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23
Q

what are the 5 major innovations of vertebrates?

A
  1. vertebral column
  2. head: cranium & brain
  3. jaws
  4. paired limbs
  5. cleidoic egg
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24
Q

what is the head derived from?

A

neural crest cells and ectodermal placodes

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25
Q

what is the cleidoic egg?

A

new membranes isolate the embryo within a fluid filled compartment in the egg
provide gas/nutrient exchange

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26
Q

what is the process of development?

A
  1. cleavage
  2. gastrulation and neurulation
  3. differentiation and organogenesis
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27
Q

what is cleavage

A

single cell to multiple cells

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28
Q

what is gastrulation and neurulation?

A

cells organize into germ layers
formation of early gut
formation of neural tube

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29
Q

what is differentiation and organogenesis

A

cells organized into germ layers

primary tissue types generated from germ layers

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30
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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31
Q

4 primary tissues types from germ layers

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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32
Q

what is the neural crest

A

“4th germ layer”
gives rise to variety of structures
arises from delamination from the neural tube and peripheral migration

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33
Q

what are ectodermal placodes

A

arise from thickenings of the surface ectoderm and cavitation
gives rise to sensory organs and receptors

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34
Q

what is an Agnatha?

A

a jawless fish

mouth present but no biting apparatus derived from pharyngeal arches

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35
Q

what are the 2 extant groups of agnathas?

A

hagfishes and lamprey (cyclostomes)

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36
Q

what are 2 extinct groups of Agnatha?

A

conodonts and ostracoderms

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37
Q

what are some characteristics of hagfishes?

A

-no jaws, fins, or image forming eyes
-multiple venous hearts
-single nostril
cartilaginous skull but rudimentary vertebrae
-large slime glands

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38
Q

what are some characteristics of lamprey?

A
  • marine or fresh water
  • cartilagenous skull and vertebrae
  • no jaw
  • single nostril
  • dorsal unpaired fin
  • image forming eyes
  • parasitic
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39
Q

characteristics of conodonts

A
  • extinct
  • known originally from tooth-like elements
  • marine and diverse
  • chordate and vertebrae characteristics (notochord, myomeres, postanal tail)
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40
Q

characteristics of ostracoderms

A

small jawless

  • lateral line system
  • outer exoskeleton of dermal bone plates
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41
Q

when did jaws first begin evolving?

A

Devonian era (390 mya)

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42
Q

what did jaws evolve from?

A

the first branchial arch

  • upper element: palatoquadrate
  • lower element: Meckel’s cartilage
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43
Q

what are the 3 main groups of gnathostome fish?

A

placodermi (extinct)
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes

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44
Q

characteristics of placodermi

A
  • heavy head, thoracic armour, naked body
  • jaws with beak like plates
  • paired pectoral and pelvic fins
  • dominated Devonian
  • extinct
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45
Q

characteristics of Chondrichthyes

A
  • cartilaginous fishes - calcified skin
  • placoid scales
  • internal fertilization
  • presence of spiracle
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46
Q

main types of chrondrichthyes

A
  • chimaeras

- elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates)

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47
Q

characteristics of sharks

A
  • jaws not attached to skull
  • chemoreceptors and electroreceptors
  • no swim bladder (liver and motion)
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48
Q

characteristics of stingray, electric ray, skates

A
  • flattened body

- pectoral fins modified to become wing-like appendages

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49
Q

characteristics of Osteichthyes

A
  • bony fish
  • much more bone in endoskeleton
  • swim bladder to control buoyancy
  • swim with help of strengthened fins
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50
Q

what are the 2 main groups of Osteichthyes

A

actinopterygii (ray finned)

sarcopterygii (lobe finned)

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51
Q

what species are included in the actinopterygii?

A
  • sturgeons and paddlefish
  • garpike
  • bowfins
  • teleosts
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52
Q

characteristics of sarcopterygii

A
  • lobe fin appendages
  • internal bones and muscles
  • fins have rays at the end
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53
Q

2 living groups of sarcopterygii

A
  • lungfishes

- coelancanth

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54
Q

characteristics of lungfishes

A
  • pair lungs - modified swim bladder

- dry sleep

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55
Q

what is the Tiktaalik?

A

-shows intermediate characteristics between fish and tetrapods
-limb like pectoral fins
function wrist joints and mobile neck
- no bony gill coverings

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56
Q

what is a skeleton

A

composed of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

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57
Q

what is the function of the skeleton?

A
  • supports weight and protects soft parts
  • anchors muscle movements
  • stores minerals (Calcium)
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58
Q

what are the main components on the skeleton?

A
  • head/ skull (cranium)
  • axial skeleton (vertebral column, ribs, sternum)
  • appendicular skeleton (girdles, fins/limbs)
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59
Q

what are the 3 components of the skull?

A

chondrocranium
splanchnocranium
dermatocranium

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60
Q

true or false: Agnatha species without armour have all 3 components of the skull

A

false: missing dermatocranium

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61
Q

true or false: Agnatha species with armour have all 3 components of the skull (ostrachoderm)

A

true

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62
Q

describe placoderm skull

A
  • presence of jaw (Meckel’s cartilage and palatoquadrate)

- well developed dermatocranium

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63
Q

describe teleost skull

A
  • all 3 components (neurocranium very small)
  • increased # of bones, reduces connections
  • increased manoeuvrability in jaw
  • diverse bone size and number
    diverse feeding mechanisms
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64
Q

what was a major innovation in teleost skull?

A

suction feeding

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65
Q

describe early gnathostomes mouths

A
  • wide mouths
  • hinge far back
  • upper jaw fused with brain case
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66
Q

describe teleosts mouths

A
  • narrow mouth
  • hinge moved forward
  • upper and lower jaws can move independently of brain-case
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67
Q

what is suction driven by?

A

volume change of orobranchial chamber

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68
Q

autostylic

A
  • upper jaw braced against the brain case
  • no hyomandibula role
  • found in placoderms and lungfishes
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69
Q

amphistylic

A
  • hyomandibula bone (2nd arch) acts as strut to help brace jaw along with brain case
  • found in some shark and coelacanth
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70
Q

hyostylic

A

mandibular arch supported primarily by hyomandibula

-found in most bony fish and sharks

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71
Q

what is axial skeleton composed of?

A
  • vertebral column
  • centrum: body
  • neural arch: protects spinal cord
  • hemal arch: protects blood vessels
  • processes
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72
Q

characteristics of fish axial skeleton

A
  • fixed link between 1st vertebra and skull
  • amphicoelous centra and no zyapophyses
    -reginal differentiation
    movement by lateral undulation
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73
Q

components of appendicular skeleton

A

appendages: paired fins or limbs
girdles: braces that support paired appendages

74
Q

3 types of paired fins

A

lobe fins: fleshy, lungfish
fin fold fins: broad base, cartilaginous fish
ray fins: most bony fish

75
Q

function of paired fins

A

stability, fine control when mobile

76
Q

medial fins: where and function

A

dorsal fin, anal fin

keep body from rolling over

77
Q

caudal fin function

A

add to propulsion in lateral undulation locomotion

78
Q

fin characteristics

A
  • membranes strengthened by bones and flexible rays

- rigid spines can also be present

79
Q

elasmobranch fin rays

A

keratinized rods

80
Q

bony fish fin rays

A

bone/cartilage elements and keratinized tips

81
Q

pectoral girdle in sharks

A
  • right and left halves fused in midline

- not joint to skull

82
Q

pectoral girdle in teleosts

A

joint to skull via cleithrum bones

83
Q

what is the basic structure of the integument?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
84
Q

true or false: all vertebrates have all 3 layers of skin

A

false: hypodermic may not be present

85
Q

what did ectoderm become?

A

epidermis

86
Q

what did mesoderm become?

A

dermis

87
Q

what did neural crest become?

A

pigment cells

88
Q

inside layer of epidermis name and function

A

stratus germinativum

makes new cells

89
Q

outside layer of epidermis name and function

A

stratum corneum

keratinized for water proofing

90
Q

middle layer of epidermis name and function

A

stratum granulosum

receives pushed up cells from inside layer

91
Q

what are the 2 layers of dermis

A

vascular stratum spongiosum (pigment cells of chromophores)

thicker stratum compactum (lots of fibres)

92
Q

what does the dermis include?

A
  • A network of fibres (collagenous and elastic) for strength
  • Small nerves, blood vessels
  • Connective tissue to hold everything together
93
Q

what does the hypodermic often contain?

A

fat cells for insulation and energy storage

94
Q

functions of the integument

A

-protection
- osmotic regulation, excretion, respiration
- thermo regulation
colouring for defence/mating
-locomotion

95
Q

what does mucous do?

A
  • prevents entry of foreign materials
  • reduces drag
  • may include substances toxic to predators
96
Q

stratum corneum function

A

provide protection against desiccation

97
Q

stratum corner derivatives

A 
scales, 
feathers, 
hair,
claws, 
(keratin-based)
98
Q

what are fish scales made of

A
  • bone covered by the thin epidermis
  • Sometimes coated with hard enamel (from epidermis)
  • Deeper layer of dentin (from dermis)
99
Q

what are teeth of modern tetrapods derived from?

A

ancient fish scales

100
Q

true or false: enamel is epidermal in origin

A

true

101
Q

true or false: dentine and bone is hemal in origin

A

true

102
Q

what are placoid scales?

A
  • Aka dermal denticles
  • Protrude through epidermis
  • Could organize water flow on skin to reduce drag (scales oriented posteriorly)
103
Q

where are placoid scales found?

A

cartilagenousfishes (sharks and rays) so no bone

104
Q

what are ganoid scales?

A
  • Ganoin is a thick coat of enamel
  • Dentin is lost
  • Thick layer of lamellar bone
  • Loss of vascular bone
  • Entire structure covered by thin epidermis
105
Q

where are ganoid scales found?

A

sturgeons,
paddlefish,
garpikes,
bowfins

106
Q

what are elasmoid scales?

A
  • Loss of enamel
  • Made up of lamellar bone (relatively thin)
  • Intermediate types exist
107
Q

where are elasmoid scales found?

A

teleosts

108
Q

where are cosmic scales found?

A

ancient fish (amour)

109
Q

what was the first tetrapod?

A

Titaalik

110
Q

who gave rise to modern amphibians?

A
  1. temnospondyls
111
Q

temnospondyls characteristics

A
  • extinct
  • body robust
  • flat skulls
  • Occupied a wide range of ecological niches
  • Some capable of excursions or life on land
112
Q

lepospondyls characteristics

A
  • Diverse small tetrapods

- Occupied specialized ecological niches

113
Q

what did fins become in tetrapods?

A

chiridium

114
Q

what 7 structural changes had to happen for fish to become tetrapods

A
  1. fin to chiridium
  2. evolution of true neck
  3. reinforced vertebral column and girdles
  4. Back part of the skull is shortened and hyomandibulais no longer attached to the oticcapsule
  5. Snout elongates and eyes move to top of the head
  6. reduction in skull bones
  7. Modification of dermal scales of fish into scutesor gastralia: cover only the belly in tetrapods
115
Q

what is the chiridium?

A

muscular limb with well-defined joints and digits

116
Q

true of false: there was a change in angle between humerus and radius between fish and tetrapods

A

true

117
Q

what was involved in the evolution of a true neck?

A
  • Loss of bones covering gill chamber in fishes
  • Loss of bones that joined the shoulder to back of skull roof in fishes
  • space between skull and shoulder
118
Q

what change to the vertebrae happened when fish were evolving to tetrapods?

A
  • Centra become more ossified

- Zygapophyses appear so that the vertebral column can help keep the body off the ground

119
Q

tetrapod girdles vs. fish girdles

A

tighter binding between girdles and spine in tetrapod

120
Q

how is brain case supposed in tetrapods?

A

supported by connection with room of mouth

121
Q

what does the hyomandibula function become in tetrapods?

A

stapes (hearing)

122
Q

are hyomandibula and stapes homologous or analogous

A

homologous

123
Q

how do tetrapod skull bones change from fish skull bones?

A
  • Fusion of small bones in nasal region (anterior)

- Loss of bones in opercular region (posterior)

124
Q

what did dermal scales of fish become in tetrapods?

A
  • scutes or gastrali

- cover only the belly

125
Q

why don’t most tetrapods have scales on land?

A
  • heavy

- cause issues with respiration

126
Q

What structural changes might accompany improved locomotion on land?

A
  • clavicle got bigger

- cleithrum shrunk

127
Q

How did early tetrapods move?

A
  • limbs and girdles were too small and poorly ossified for walking on land
  • Limbs likely used as points of pivot to support lateral flexions of the body in shallow water
128
Q

what challenges did transitioning vertebrates face

A
  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensing the environment
  • Feeding, osmoregulation and reproduction
129
Q

what fishes did tetrapods arise from?

A

sarcopterygian fishes

130
Q

what is a tetrapod?

A

Vertebrates that possess a chiridium

131
Q

what is the Acanthostega?

A
  • a late Devonian early tetrapod
  • have 8 fingers and 8 toes
  • girdles designed to bear weight
  • Tail with fin rays and internal gills suggest it was aquatic
132
Q

what is a Ichthyostega?

A
  • Late Devonian early tetrapod

- Lacked internal gill

133
Q

what do fish require for good blood flow?

A
  • Large surface area
  • countercurrent exchange between blood and water
  • thin water-to-blood barrier
134
Q

what are the 3 types of internal gills?

A
  • pouched gills of lamprey
  • septal gills of shark
  • opercular gills of teleost
135
Q

what is unique about septal gills of shark?

A

Each individual septum protects each gill chamber

136
Q

what is unique about pouched gills of lamprey

A

no gill covering

137
Q

what is unique about opercular gills of teleost

A
  • Reduction of number of gill bars and chambers

- Loss of spiracle and loss of septa

138
Q

how do lamprey gill ventilate?

A

tidal ventilation through a compression/expansion of branchial cavity –mouth often attached to host

139
Q

how do active fish gill ventilate?

A
  • use ram ventilation –keep mouth open while swimming

- Most common is the dual pump

140
Q

Gill ventilation: dual pump 2 phases

A

suction pump phase

pressure pump phase

141
Q

explain the suction pump phase

A
  • mouth open
  • negative pressure
  • opercular valve closed
142
Q

explain the pressure pump phase

A
  • mouth closed
  • positive pressure
  • opercular valve open
143
Q

where do the gas bladder and lungs come from?

A
  • Develop from out pocketings of pharynx

- Endodermal in origin

144
Q

describe the gas bladder

A
  • Single elongated sac that is dorsal to the gut
  • Used for buoyancy –control position in water column
  • Can also be used for respiration (respiratory gas bladder) as well as sound production and reception
145
Q

where are the lungs located in fish?

A

ventral to the gut

146
Q

gas bladder filling: physostomous

A
  • connected to pharynx

- can be filled by gulping air in the digestive tract

147
Q

gas bladder filling: physoclistous

A
  • filled by gas gland, emptied at oval window
148
Q

which is more efficient for respiration? unidirectional or bidirectional

A

unidirectional

149
Q

describe the vertebrates circulatory system

A
  • Closed system of connected ducts:
  • Lots of individual/species variation
  • system extremely adaptable - capacity for repair
  • compensation for damage
  • quick response
150
Q

general components of the circulatory system

A
  • cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels, blood)

- lymphatic

151
Q

4 chambers of the fish heart in order

A
  1. sinus venous
  2. atrium
  3. ventricle
  4. conus arteriosus/blubus arteriosus
152
Q

how does the fish heart work?

A
  • single circuit pump

- pumps deoxygenated blood in one direction

153
Q

describe cartilaginous fishes hearts

A
  • large conus arteriosus

- muscular and active as pumping organ

154
Q

describe teleosts hearts

A
  • highly elastic bulbus arteriosus in place of conus

- Keeps consistent flow to arches despite pressure generated by beating heart

155
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches do lamprey have

A

8

156
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches do hagfish have

A

15

157
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches do Chondrichtyans and sarcopterygians have

A

5

158
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches do Actinopterygians have

A

4

159
Q

explain lungfish heart and aortic arches

A
  • Partially divided atrium and ventricle (septa)
  • Division extends into the conus by spiral fold valve
  • Greatly reduces mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
  • Deoxgenated blood to gills and then lungs
160
Q 
Which of the following is NOT one of the five characters of chordates?
A. notochord, 
B. dorsal hollow nerve cord, 
C. vertebral column, 
D. gill pouches or slits, 
E. postanal tail
A

C. vertebral column,

161
Q 
Considering only extant species, which of the following groups has the highest species diversity?
A. mammals, 
B. birds, 
C. squamates (lizards and snakes), 
D. actinopterygians,
 E. chondrichthyans
A

D. actinopterygians,

162
Q

the selective advantage of the early jaws is likely:
A. improved respiration efficiency,
B. improved feeding efficiency,
C. expanded mandibular arch, D. strengthened muscles encircling the pharynx

A

A. improved respiration efficiency,

163
Q 
. Which of the following groupsis jawless? 
A. Ostracoderms, 
B. Chondrichthyans, 
C. Osteichthyans, 
D. Placoderm
A

A. Ostracoderms,

164
Q 
Sharks and rays are part of this group:
A. Chondrichthyans, 
B. Osterichthyans, 
C. Actinopterygians, 
D. Sarcopterygians, 
E. Acanthodians
A

A. Chondrichthyans,

165
Q 
The majority of today’s fish species belong to this group:
A. sturgeons, 
B. teleosts, 
C. sharks, 
D. Dipnoi
A

B. teleosts,

166
Q 
The common ancestor of chondrichthyans may have lost this part of its skull during the evolutionary processes:
A. chondrocranium, 
B. dermatocranium, 
C. splanchnocranium, 
D. mandibular arch
A

B. dermatocranium,

167
Q

From your understanding of the general composition of the vertebrateskull, a bone located on the outersurfaceof the skull is most likely developed from this part of the cranium:
A. chondrocranium,
B. splanchnocranium,
C. dermatocranium

A

C. dermatocranium

168
Q 
which of the following structures is part of the earliest jaw (in an evolutionary sense)?
A. Meckel’s cartilage, 
B. hyomandibula, 
C. oral cartilage, 
D. cleithrum
A

A. Meckel’s cartilage,

169
Q 
Modern sharks have this type of jaw suspension, which allow sharks to have wide gape:
A. hyostyly, 
B. amphistyly, 
C. autostyly, 
D. paleosty
A

A. hyostyly,

170
Q 
ancient fish scales contained four distinct layers: lamellar bone, vascular bone, dentin and enamel. Modern sharks and teleosts have evolved very different scales. Which layer do they share?
A. lamellar bone, 
B. vascular bone, 
C. dentin, 
D. enamel, 
E. none
A

E. none

171
Q 
Fish integument systems generally have none or little of this component:
A. stratum germinativum,
 B. stratum corneum, 
C. stratum spongiosum,
 D. stratum compact
A

B. stratum corneum,

172
Q 
fish scales are developed from this germ layer:
A. endoderm, 
B. mesoderm, 
C. ectoderm, 
D. neural crest
A

B. mesoderm

173
Q 
Lampreys have this type of gills:
A. pouched gills, 
B. septal gills, 
C. opercular gills, 
D. external gills
A

A. pouched gills

174
Q 
The fish heart is a single-circuit pump. The direction of blood flow through the heart chambers is:
A. sinus venosus-atrium-ventricle-conus
B. conus-atrium-ventricle-sinus venosus
C. sinus venosus-ventricle-atrium-conus
D. conus-ventricle-atrium-sinus venosus
A

A. sinus venosus-atrium-ventricle-conus

175
Q 
Which of the following groups uses adual pump to ventilate their gills?
A. hagfishes, 
B. lampreys, 
C. teleosts,
 D. amphioxus
A

C. teleosts,

176
Q 
acanthostega is considered a well-developed tetrapod because it has
\:A. well-developed joints and digits, 
B. fully terrestrial, 
C. well-developed vertebral column, 
D. lungs.
A

A. well-developed joints and digits,

177
Q

from water to land represents a major transition in vertebrate evolutionary history, and many structural changes occurred during the transition. Which of the following structures is NOT part of these changes:
A. lung,
B. true neck,
C. chiridium,
D. zygapophysis,
E. joint between pelvic girdle and vertebral column

A

A. lung,

178
Q 
Tiktaalik represents a transitional form of vertebrates from water to land. It possesses this (these) structure(s) that resemble a tetrapod: 
A. a functional wrist joint, 
B. a mobile neck, 
C. lack of gill cover, 
D. all of above
A

D. all of above

179
Q 
Most of the vertebrate muscle tissues develop from this germ layer
A. endoderm, 
B. mesoderm, 
C. ectoderm, 
D. Neural crest
A

B. mesoderm

180
Q 
Many vertebrate structures that are used for terrestrial life were first evolved in an aquatic environment. Which of the following structures was evolved on land?
A.lungs, 
B. paired appendages, 
C. true neck, 
D. cleidoic egg
A

D. cleidoic egg

181
Q

TV news reported a mammal-like living species from the Amazonian jungle, which has an endoskeletal vertebrate column, three girdles, and three pairs of paired limbs. Based from what you have learned in class, you would consider this report:
A. a major discovery,
B. doubtful but deserves a serious second look,
C. a hoax.

A

C. a hoax.

ZOO 2090 lecture (3 decks)

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