Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 200 > Pre Midterm Content > Flashcards

Pre Midterm Content Flashcards

Content up to the midterm

1
Q

True of false: ATP is a limited currency

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True of false: anabolism is exergonic

A

false, anabolism is endergonic and catabolism is exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The three types of biological work

A

mechanical, chemical, transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

do cells store more PCr or ATP

A

PCr.

Cells store about 4 to 6 times more PCr than ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do NADH and FADH2 provide energy molecules?

A

Because they have high energy-transfer potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the respiratory (cytochrome) chain?

A

the final common pathway where electrons extracted from hydrogen pass to oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the last electron receiver in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Each mole of ATP formed from ADP conserves approximately how many kcals of energy?

A

7 kcals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false: Anaerobic glycolysis is fast and aerobic is slow

A

true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the word for glycogen break down

A

glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the word for glycogen synthesis

A

glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the name of the insulin dependent transporter in muscle fibers and adipocytes

A

GLUT 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the Cori Cycle do?

A

Removes lactate released from active muscles and uses it to replenish glycogen reserves depleted from intense physical activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Each Acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle release how many CO2 and how many pairs of H+?

A

2 CO2

4 Pairs of H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three components of aerobic metabolism?

A

Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, Oxidative phosphorylation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the body’s most plentiful source of energy?

A

stored fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two tasks of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)?

A
  1. Re-esterify to form triacylglycerols
  2. Bind with intramuscular proteins and enter the mitochondria for energy metabolism by action of carnitine acyltransferase located on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is deamination and what is the main site where it happens

A

the removal of nitrogen from an amino acid. happens mainly in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skeletal muscles contain enzymes that remove nitrogen from amino acids, what is this process called __________.

A

Transamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does it mean when an amino acid is glucogenic

A

It means that when it is deaminated it yields pyruvate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does it mean when an amino acid is ketogenic?

A

when deaminated, it yields acetoacetate (intermediate Acetyl-CoA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 5 conditions under which glycogen depletion can occur?

A
  1. Prolonged physical activity (eg. marathon)
  2. Consecutive days of intense training
  3. Inadequate energy intake (eg. routinely skipping meals)
  4. Dietary elimination of carbs (eg. keto)
  5. Diabetes, which impairs cellular glucose uptake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ATP last for how long?

A

1-2 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three systems of energy provision pathways for ATP production? (chapter 7, p.162-169)

A
  1. Immediate energy system
  2. Short-term energy system
  3. Long-term energy system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 4 “energy” sources fort he “synthesis” of ATP for muscular work?

A
  1. from the breakdown of PCr
  2. From the adenylate kinase (myokinase) reaction
  3. From the guanosine triphosphate reaction
  4. from food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of ATP?

A

ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What catalyzes the breakdown of PCr?

A

Creatine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In the Adenylate kinase reaction,

ADP + ADP –> ____________.

A

ADP + ADP –> ATP + AMP (adenosine monophosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Immediate energy system is the primary energy source for what kind of exercise?

A

Acute

Strength, power, sprint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True or false?

Immediate energy stores have high rate of energy and high capacity.

A

False.

High energy rate but LOW capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the creatine protocol for loading?

A

approx. 20-30 g/day or 0.30 g/kg body mass/day of Cr over 3-5 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the creatine protocol for maintenance?

A

approx. 2-5 g/day or 0.03 g/kg/day for several weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why is creatine supplementation a bad idea for sports in which you need to make weight?

A

increased body mass due to retention of total body water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 classifications of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define monosaccharide. What are the 3 types?

A

basic unit of carbohydrate (glucose, fructose, galactose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define oligosaccharides, and state the 3 types.

A

2-10 monosaccharide molecule linkages (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define polysaccharide, name the two types.

A

3 to thousands of monosaccharide molecule linkages (starches and fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the 4 main roles of carbs in the body?

A
  1. energy source during exercise at all intensities
  2. protein sparer - helps preserve tissue protein
  3. metabolic primer - for fat oxidation
  4. Fuel for CNS - primary fuel for nerve tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The body store _____Kcals of carbohydrates.

A

2000 kcals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

muscle stores _____ g of glycogen.

A

400 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

liver stores ______g of glycogen.

A

90-100 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the upper limit for glycogen storage on average?

A

15 g / kg of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 3 lipid groups

A

simple (triacylglycerols - saturated and unsaturated)
compound (phospholipids and lipoproteins)
derived (cholesterol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The 4 major function of lipids are:

A
  1. energy source and reserve
  2. Protect vital organs
  3. thermal insulator
  4. vitamine carrier and hunger suppressor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True of false

fat serves as the main energy substrate during low intensity exercise.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Carbohydrates, primarily muscle glycogen, is the energy source during what intensity exercise

A

high intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Protein is constructed from ____________.

A

Linked amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Carbohydrate depletion increase the use of fat or protein as a fuel?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The recommended amount of daily protein for both men and women is _______ g per Kg of body mass.

A

0.8 g / kg body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the two major functions of anaerobic (rapid) glycolysis / glycogenolysis?

A
  1. synthesis of ATP

2. generation of pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where does glycolysis / glycogenolysis take place?

A

sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The 3 stages of glycolysis are:

A
  1. the activation or priming stage
  2. The splitting stage
  3. Oxidizing and reducing stage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Stage 1 of glycolysis (activation stage) is what kind of reaction and is catalyzed by what?

A 
endergonic reaction (splitting of one ATP)
catalyzed by hexokinase
54
Q

In glycolysis, you skip the first step and save one ATP if _________ is the substrate.

A

Glycogen

55
Q

What is the role of phosphofructokinase in activation step 2 of glycolysis?

A

It is a rate limiting enzyme and determines the speed if the pathway

56
Q

The rate of stage 3 of glycolysis is dependent on the availability of ________.

A

NAD+

57
Q

What stage of glycolysis/glycogenolysis generates the first 2 ATP in the pathway

A

stage 3, oxidation/reduction

58
Q

what are the two possible fates of pyruvate?

A
  1. entry into mitochondria to be oxidized

2. Be reduces to lactate

59
Q

what would happen if you didn’t have lactate during glycolysis?

A

you wouldn’t have any NAD+ so the whole process would shut down.

60
Q

pyruvate produced from glycolysis can enter the mitochondria via _________.

A

A protein channel

61
Q

Once in the mitochondria, pyruvate converts to _______ which enters _______.

A

acetyl CoA which enter the krebs (citric acid cycle)

62
Q

what are the two general locations within muscle fiber where you can find mitochondria?

A 
Intermyofibrillar
And subsarcolema (inside cell membrane)
63
Q

What are the main products of the krebs cycle

A

NADh+H+ and FAFH2

64
Q

What are the by-products of the krebs cycle

A

CO2 and H2O

65
Q

What does each acetyl CoA generate from one Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2
2 CO2

66
Q

In the electron transport chain which of the following bypasses complex I?
FADH2
NADH + H+

A

FADH2

67
Q

which of the following results in more ATP in the electron transport chain?
FADH2
NADH + H+

A

NADH + H+

68
Q

which complex is thought to be rate limiting in Electron Transport Chain?

A

Cytochrome Oxidase step (Complex IV)

69
Q

5 steps of the transportation of FFAs in order for their energy to be obtained.

A
  1. from the blood
  2. across the cell membrane
  3. through the cytosol
  4. into the mitochondria
  5. into the mitochondrial matrix
70
Q

Do fats need CHO to be fully metabolized?

A

Yes, they need the pyruvate to get some oxaloacetate

71
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in the krebs cycle?

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

72
Q

Does slow or fast twitch muscle have more mitochondria?

A

Slow twitch

73
Q

What are the y and x variables of the power duration curve?

A

Y: Intensity
X: Duration

74
Q

Can you change your power duration curve with training?

A

Yes

75
Q

The power/duration curve directly reflects the body’s capacity to transfer _________ energy into _________ energy.

A

Chemical energy into mechanical energy

76
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The transformation of energy in the human body.

77
Q

What are the three types of energies that we are primarily concerned with in physiology?

A

mechanical
chemical
heat

78
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

The study of relationships between heat energy and other forms of energy.

79
Q

Endergonic reaction absorb or release energy?

A

absorb

80
Q

Exergonic reaction absorb or release energy?

A

release

81
Q

Total energy expenditure of body at rest = _________ + _________

A

cellular work done + amount of heat produced

82
Q

True or false. ATP is the only source of energy that can be used by muscle for contraction.

A

True

83
Q

Total energy expenditure of body during exercise = _________ + _________

A

mechanical work done + heat produced

84
Q

What is the name of the tool used to estimate the heat equivalence of food.

A

bomb calorimeter

85
Q

What is the Hill relationship?

A

When energy is metabolized to re-synthesize ATP to do muscular work, heat is given off, and O2 is consumed in a proportional amount

86
Q

what is the O2, CO2, and N2 percentages in the air?

A 
O2 = 20.93%
CO2 = 0.03%
N2 = 79.04%
87
Q

what is the O2, CO2, and N2 percentages when you exhale in an ergometer?

A 
O2 = about 15-16%
CO2 = about 4-5%
N2 = about 79.04% (assume N2 doesn't change)
88
Q

What does STPD stand for?

A

standard Temperature, Pressure, Dry

89
Q

What is the respiratory quotient

A

the ratio of CO2 to O2 (CO2/O2)

90
Q

The Respiratory quotient for fat metabolism is greater or less than 1?

A

<1

91
Q

Respiratory quotient for protein is not used often, but what is it’s approximation?

A

0.82

92
Q

What is the respiratory quotient for CHO metabolism?

A

1.0

93
Q

What is the difference between RQ and RER?

A

RQ is the respiratory quotient and is the ratio of CO2 to O2 in the cell.
RER is the respiratory exchange ratio and is the ratio of VCO2 to VO2 measured at the lung level.

94
Q

RER ranges between _________ and ________ depending on the intensity of the exercise.

A

0.70 and 1.0

95
Q

True or False. RER cannot exceed 1.0 at any time.

A

false.

it can at high intensity exercise.

96
Q

what is the difference between BMR and RMR?

A

RMR is measured under less stringent laboratory conditions.

97
Q

for most people RMR ranges between _______ Kcal/min

A

0.8 - 1.4 kcal/min

98
Q

How much lower is BMR in females compared to males of the same age?

A

5-10%

99
Q

Age related drop in BMR is about ___% after about age ____.

A

about 2% after about age 40

100
Q

what kind of exercise training is best for promoting increases in RMR and calorie burning for better body weight management?

A

a combination of strength and endurance.

101
Q

Obligatory thermogenesis

A

energy required to digest, absorb, and assimilate food nutrients.

102
Q

facultative thermogenesis

A

activation of sympathetic nervous system and its stimulating influence on metabolism.

103
Q

facultative thermogenesis reaches maximum about how long after a meal?

A

1 hour

104
Q

Efficiency

A

the relationship between amount of work done and total energy required to do the work expressed as a percentage

105
Q

Economy

A

oxygen consumption required to complete a certain amount of work

106
Q

What is the difference between gross and net efficiency?

A

Gross includes resting energy expenditure, Net is when RMR is subtracted from exercise energy expenditure

107
Q

delta efficiency

A

the ratio between the change work and energy expenditure measure across two different exercise intensities.

108
Q

What are the 7 general factors influencing efficiency and economy

A
  1. age
  2. fiber type / anatomy
  3. Body mass
  4. Skill/technique/sport
  5. fitness level/training
  6. environmental conditions
  7. engineering
109
Q

one met is equivalent to…

A

1 Kcal/kg of body mass/hour

110
Q

O2 deficit

A

period of time at the start of exercise during which aerobic metabolism is adjusting to meet the metabolic demands

111
Q

EPOC had how many phases? what are they?

A 
2 phases
fast component (immediately after exercise lasting 30 sec to several minutes).
Slow component (after fast component lasting several minutes to hours)
112
Q

What happens in the fast component of EPOC?

A

rapid drop in VO2, Ve and HR.

rapid restoration of ATP and PCr

113
Q

What happens in slow component of EPOC?

A

Slower decline in VO2, Ve and HR but above rest. Energy returns to state of homeostasis

114
Q

What type of energy is used to restore ATP and PCr?

A

aerobic

115
Q

How long does it take for the nervous system to recover completely?

A

8-12 minutes

116
Q

How long does it take for the nervous system to recover the majority of it “excitability”?

A

1-6 minutes

117
Q

Acid

A

A chemical compound that donates a H+ in solution

118
Q

Base

A

A chemical compound that gives us and OH- in solution

119
Q

range of resting muscle pH

A

6.90-7.10 (about neutral)

120
Q

range of resting blood pH

A

7.40-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

121
Q

true or false?

Lactate is a consequence of anaerobic glycolysis and is not the cause for muscle acidosis.

A

true

122
Q

What is the lactate shuffle?

A

it refers to the formation of lactate in one cell compartment and used in another (within the same muscle between muscle fibers or in other organs) as a “fuel”.

123
Q

True or false.

lactate inhibits muscle contraction

A

false.

it doesn’t inhibit muscle contraction and therefore it also doesn’t directly contribute to fatigue

124
Q

Why is a trained person able to delay the blood lactate/anaerobic threshold?

A

They have more mitochondria in their cells.

125
Q

Where does H+ come from during anaerobic exercise? give the 2 primary sources.

A
  1. a net production of H+ from intermediary compounds in glycolysis for each glucose molecule.
  2. H+ release during the hydrolysis of ATP
126
Q

Is a decrease in pH associated with a decrease in muscle force production? Does it contribute to muscle fatigue?

A

yes and yes

127
Q

what is the main buffer of the body?

A

Bicarbonate Ions

128
Q

In breathing, Exchange I is between _______ and _______.

A

atmosphere and lungs

129
Q

In breathing, Exchange II is between _______ and _______.

A

lungs and blood

130
Q

In breathing, Exchange III is between _______ and _______. This is called __________.

A

blood and cells

called cellular respiration

131
Q

Gas volumes are affected by _______, _________, and _________.

A

temperature, humidity and water vapor

KIN 200 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions