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AREC 220 > Pre Midterm > Flashcards

Pre Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Positionality

A

Is the social and political context that creates your identity and
how your identity influences and biases your perception of and outlook on the world

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2
Q

In canada the indigenous population is

A

approximately 1.8 million
5% of the Canadian population

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3
Q

who are indigenous people

A

the first inhabitants of Canada

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4
Q

Internationally indigenous people are

A

those groups recognized and protected in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory, and their cultural or historical distinctiveness from other populations

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5
Q

flawed social theory

A

Lewis henry morgan (1877) proposed that advances in social organization arose primarily from changes in food production

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6
Q

Three universal stages of human/social evolution

A

Savagery
Barbarism
civilization

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7
Q

Savagery

A

Characterized by the economy of hunting and gathering

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7
Q

barbarism

A

Characterized by ‘food-producing’ economies of agriculturalists and pastoralists

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8
Q

Civilization

A

Characterized by advanced agricultural technologies, the rise of urban settlements and non-food producing specialists (merchants and artisans)

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9
Q

Process of shifting cultivation

A

Cut down trees and bush
Remainder is bruned and ashes add nutrients to soil
Swidden (cleared area)
Land is hoed and planted
Crops grow for 3 years, then nutrients are depleted and fields are left fallow for 6-20 years

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10
Q

Earliest stage of human development

A

Indigenous farmers

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11
Q

Shifting cultivation represents

A

primitive stages of human development

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12
Q

All farmers start as

A

shifting cultivators and advance to more complex and sophisticated forms of agriculture

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13
Q

Plows

A

Eurocentric bias
The digging stick is the most primitive of the main agricultural tools and the people who use digging sticks are the most primitive among the primitive agricultural tribes living today.

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14
Q

Denying indigenous farming practices enabled Settler States

A

to reject Indigenous peoples’ rights to land, thereby advancing their own territorial claims

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15
Q

The Doctorine of Discovery provided

A

a framework for Christian explorers, in the name of their respective governments to lay claim to territories uninhabited by other christians. If the lands were vacant then they could be defined as “discovered” and sovereignty over those lands could be claimed

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16
Q

Land was considered terra nullius (vacant land)

A

if it had not yet been ‘put to good use’ by those Christian values. Such vacant land could be defined as “discovered” and as a result sovereignty, title and jurisdiction could be claimed.

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17
Q

Terra nullius refers to

A

“territory without a master”. Used in international law to describe land that may be inhabited but not owned and can therefore be claimed by others.

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18
Q

In canada terra nullius was used

A

to justify and legitimise the territorial dispossession of Indigenous peoples (as late as 1996)

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19
Q

Europeans have advanced a notion that

A

The landscape that Europeans discovered was ‘natural’, ‘pristine’ and devoid of ‘productive’ uses.
Indigenous peoples did not play a role in shaping or managing vegetation
‘Ecological Indian’

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20
Q

John Muir 1880s said

A

Indians walk softly and hurt the landscape hardly more than birds or squirrels

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21
Q

False narrative

A

to convey a story that isn’t accurate but to characterize it as if it is by creating a false story behind the situation in order to make it factual.
They can linger in the public discourse for a long time

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22
Q

Example of a false narrative

A

that Indigenous peoples aren’t farmers they are hunters

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23
Q

Myths of indigenous agricultural systems

A

Racially motivated
politically motivated
false narrative

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24
Q

The peopling of North America

A

15,000 years ago via the Bering land bridge
Coastal route and ice free corridor
Took long
Reached the Great plains around 13,000 years ago

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25
Q

Human ecology

A

Represents the interactions between humans and the environment

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26
Q

Culture area

A

is a geographic region in which societies share many traits

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27
Q

Shared traits

A

reflect the relationship between culture and the physical environment

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28
Q

Groups in the same culture area

A

develop similar traits over time as they adapt to their shared environment

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29
Q

Culture is

A

Adaptive

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30
Q

Repellors

A

Cultural inertia and maladaptive behavior

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31
Q

Adoptors

A

Resilience and adaptive to change

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32
Q

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)

A

is a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief based on observation and experience and handed down through generations by cultural transmission.

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33
Q

Domesticating landscapes

A

indigenous cultivation is an integrated process

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34
Q

A continuum of influence

A

Subtle manipulation
agronomic knowledge
extensive/intensive management

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35
Q

Plant management strategies

A

landscape burning
clearing, weeding, “cleaning”
Habitat creation, extension, or alteration
tilling soil
dissemination
transplanting
pruning
selective, partial, rotational or non-damaging harvesting
fertilizing, mulching

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36
Q

Landscape burning

A

Prescribed, periodic burning of particular sites and habitats, usually undertaken as rotation over several years

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37
Q

Clearing, weeding, “cleaning”

A

Manual pulling or digging out of brush or “weedy” growth; removing large rocks, etc

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38
Q

Habitat creation, extension, or alteration

A

Creating new drainage, light, or nutrient regimes through berming, terracing, ditching, digging, cutting trees

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39
Q

Tilling soil

A

Traditionally done with digging sticks to aerate soil; enhance moisture penetration; recycle nutrients, etc.

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40
Q

Dissemination

A

Planting or scattering seeds or fruits

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41
Q

Transplanting

A

moving roots and other plants from one location to another

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42
Q

Pruning

A

Cutting branches or entire upper growth of trees or shrubs to stimulate new growth

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43
Q

Selective, partial, rotational or non-damaging harvesting

A

taking only a portion of a plant or only some individuals from a population

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44
Q

Fertilizing, mulching

A

Adding nutrients (e.g. fish remains) or moisture-retaining materials to soil

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45
Q

Impact of indigenous burning

A

at the time of european contact the fire regime and resulting vegetation structure in many areas of north america was fundamentally alters by indigenous controlled burns.
used to enhance/promote plant production and influence the availability of wildfire

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46
Q

Natural ecology of ancient crops

A

Original crops were large seeded, annual grasses
annual plants produce large seed to survive hot dry summers
early hunter-gatherers collected

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47
Q

mediterranean environments selected for annual plants

A

long, hot, dry summers with terminal droughts
relatively cool, wet winters

48
Q

Climate change triggering agriculture

A

possibly caused by large influx of fresh water from Lake Agassiz into North Atlantic
Interrupted thermohaline circulation (gulf stream)

49
Q

Younger Dryas

A

coincided with beginning of agriculture
cooling may have reduced game populations

50
Q

Difference between domestic and wild crops

A

elimination of seed dispersal (most important)
elimination of seed dormancy (most important)
larger seed size
uniform maturity
self-fertility

51
Q

Elimination or reduction in natural seed dispersal

A

lack of shattering
tough rachis in domesticated cereals (does not break, prevents natural dispersal)
seed that shattered was not harvested
often controlled by one gene

52
Q

No seed dormancy

A

dormant seeds do not grow
pulses have thick impermeable seed coats
wild grasses have physiological mechanisms that detect heat and light

53
Q

Seed size

A

domesticated plants have larger seed
seed size in domestic vs. wild wheat seed

54
Q

Uniform maturity

A

domesticated plants mature more evenly

55
Q

How were wild relatives domesticated?

A

domesticated crops differ from wild plants in that they will not normally survive in the wild (rely on humans)
truly domesticated crops have evolved differences

56
Q

Two theories on how crops were domesticated

A

intentional- probably most pulses
unintentional- possible in cereals

57
Q

Crop production practices that select for domestic crops

A

sickle harvesting
Transporting seed from one field and re-planting it where there was none
Drill seeding and tillage
routine of harvest selected for even maturity

58
Q

Sickle harvesting

A

non shattering: evolution of tough rachis in domesticated wheat
also helps selects for; pulling off of immature heads less selective
to select for this seed must be harvested and sown elsewhereTransportin

59
Q

Transporting seed from one field and replanting it where there was none

A

selected for a lack of seed dormancy
increased the rate of selection of non-shattering- no seedbank of shattering types

60
Q

Drill seeding and tillage

A

seed size
drill seeding and tillage may have selected for larger seed size as well

61
Q

Routine of harvest selected for even maturity

A

uniform maturity; immature seed not viable, seed too mature would have fallen off of plant already
related to elimination of natural seed dispersal

62
Q

Crop domestication

A

crops changed genetically in response to selection imposed by crop production practices
crops co-evolved with agriculture
to grow modern crops we mimic mediterranean climate

63
Q

Rate of domestication

A

could have occurred rapidly
changes are often genetically dominant traits
seems to have taken 1-2 millennia

64
Q

centers of origin of agriculture

A

first appeared in western asia, it evolved independently in several other places later

65
Q

Maize (corn)

A

domesticated in central america
dominant caloric food source for many pre-contact first nations (olmec, maya, aztec, iroquois and many others)
domesticated in mexico
grown pre-contact through much of north and south america (manitoba, north dakota, montana closest to SK)

66
Q

Maize domestication

A

teosinte- maize
less branched inflorescence
less branched plant
paired spikelet
few ear
non-shattering
>4 ranks capsule
naked kernels
weak dormancy

67
Q

Antiquarianism

A

study of history through objects such as antiques, artifacts and manuscripts

68
Q

Ecozones

A

National framework for land classifications
scale
variables

69
Q

Plains Archaeology

A

visible
stratified sites
defined projectile point sequence
“hunter-gatherer” subsistence with focus on concentrated large game (bison)

70
Q

Boreal Forest Archaeology (subartic)

A

invisible
few stratified sites
poorly defined point sequence
“forager” subsistence with focus on dispersed resources

71
Q

Cultural chronology

A

archaeological data organized (usually) into time units based on artifact types- outcome of culture history approach

72
Q

Archaeological culture

A

recurring assemblage of artifact types from a specific time period; two/three primary time periods

73
Q

Early precontact

A

end of the last glaciation
clovis and folsom cultures
big game hunters
finely made points with ‘flutes’
cody complex style points

74
Q

Middle precontact

A

environmental changes (warmer/drier)
atlatl and atlatl weights
bison evolution
subsistence shift
ceremonial circle sites

75
Q

Late precontact

A

technology changes; bow and arrow, pottery, influence from eastern woodlands
ice glider gaming pipes
bison pounds, jumps, traps

76
Q

focus on hunting

A

preservation, visibility and bias

77
Q

Plains village tradition

A

fortified villages
subterranean houses overlooking Missouri River
valley bottom gardens
reliance on horticulture supplemented with bison

78
Q

Middle Missouri

A

fortified villages, floodplain horticulture, seasonal bison hunting, distinctive pottery, competition for resoucres and warfare

79
Q

Eastern Dakotas

A

Small, scattered and fortified and unfortified villages, mixed economy

80
Q

Cahokia

A

was the largest and most significant settlement in North America and was present more than 1,000 years before european contact

81
Q

Ethnoecology

A

studies how people in different societies understand, perceive, experience and relate with the natural environment around them.
Aims to understand how we as humans interact with the environment and how these intricate relations modify both nature and culture.

82
Q

Thunderbird’s lightning

A

acts to burn off ‘old fool and to renew the land

83
Q

polycropping

A

is the intentional co-planting of a variety of species of plants in one plot

84
Q

Advantages of polycropping

A

nutrients stay in soil
the plants form their own self-sustaining ecosystem

85
Q

Disadvantages of polycropping

A

labour intensive
limits mechanizations

86
Q

The three sisters

A

is a cultural plant complex employed for at least 500 years before european contact that involves three plants- corns, beans, squash- working together

87
Q

How three sisters works

A

beans grow up the corn stalks and give nutrients such as nitrogen to the corn from the soil
corn acts like a pole for the beans, giving them stability to mature
squash is planted in between the corn and beans to help keep weeds out
without this method, farming would have been much harder for the Native Americans to maintain

88
Q

The fourth sister

A

can be sunflower which supports the beans, lures birds from the corn with seeds and attracts insect pollinators

89
Q

Sister one: Corn (maize)

A

Corn is the most versatile of the three sisters
it was commonly dried and cooked over a fire or ground up into corn meal
the husks were also used for baskets and other tools

90
Q

Sister two: beans

A

Bean originated and was domesticated in mexico as early as 6,000 years ago
few changes with changes mainly in seed size and coat impermeability to water
mostly eaten raw or boiled in water
often ground into a thick paste and eaten on maize tortillas
excellent storage capacity

91
Q

Sister three- squash

A

Two possible places of origin- central america and eastern north america
one of the oldest foods eaten by native americans
mature squash often baked whole in the coals of a fire or sliced and boiled
strips of squash were laid in the sun to dry and then stored for use in winter.
cultivated for use as containers stored in pits

92
Q

production strategies for three sisters

A

they were carefully planted in an exact spot, often on a mound
3-7 corn kernels were planted per hill and then squash and beans were planted in an alternating fashion. ring patterns on each hill have also been recorded.

93
Q

Benefits of mound

A

controls plant populations
concentrate and recycles nutrients
generates warmth
facilitates weed control
reduces soil erosion
facilitates drainage

94
Q

Agricultural labour

A

the majority of labor came from women using digging stick, with most of the labor carried out communally or task groups
groups of forty to fifty women working

95
Q

Complexity of polyculture systems

A

mimic natural conditions and therefore more tolerant of stress
requires in-depth knowledge of individual crops
requires understanding of dynamic interactions between crops
requires ability to predict interactions over a wide range of environmental conditions
risk averse
the original no-till farmers
impressive and reliable yields

96
Q

Common knowledge

A

is held by most people in a community; e.g. almost everyone knows how to weed a garden

97
Q

Shared knowledge

A

is held by many but not all community members;e.g. community members know how to process and store corn

98
Q

Specialized knowledge

A

is held by a few people who might have detailed knowledge on spatial and temporal changes- when to seed, when to rotate fields

99
Q

Low-intensity fire

A

mineral soil
ladder fuels
duff layer intact
CO2 release
fine fuels
carbon storage
thicker bark
nutrient-rich mineral soil
fire break
new plants

100
Q

High intensity fire

A

canopy destroyed
duff layer burned
nutrients evaporate
CO2 release
no CO2 capture
ash
hydrophobic soil

101
Q

Plant cultivation on the Northwest Coast

A

indigenous peoples have been active participants in sustained plant resource production systems, influencing, through diverse and intentional methods, the quality and quantities of the foods and materials on which they have traditionally relied

102
Q

Pacific Northwest’s “forest gardens’

A

were deliberately planted by indigenous people

103
Q

Estuarine root gardens

A

Some of the most compelling evidence of northwest coast cultivation may be found in the traditional management of native plants with edible “root vegetables”

104
Q

Wetland agriculture

A

wetland wapato garden

105
Q

Wapato sites and preperation

A

the rock pavement likely functioned as a physical barrier to prevent the penetration of rhizome deep into the underlying substrate, thereby making the tubers available for harvest at a predictable and accessible depth

106
Q

Root gardnes

A

the roots were among the foremost dietary sources of carbohydrates for central and northern coastal peoples

107
Q

Orchards

A

orchard gardens represent a complex plant assemblage that were managed for nutritional, economic, medicinal and spiritual needs

108
Q

Culturally Modified Trees (CMT)

A

Provide clues as to how indigenous peoples of the region managed cedar bark and wood extraction to ensure its ongoing availability

109
Q

Red and Yellow Cedar

A

Lots of harvest

110
Q

Social Management strategies

A

ownership/proprietorship
monitoring
socially determined conservation
teamwork and division of labor
distributed seasonal access to resource areas
feasting and sharing

111
Q

Ecological management strategies

A

landscape burning
clearing, weeding, cleaning
habitat creation, extension or alteration
tilling soil
dissemination
transplanting
pruning
selective, partial, rotational, or non-damaging harvesting
fertilizing, mulching

112
Q

Were the indigenous peoples of the NW coast resource managers

A

yes

113
Q

were the indigenous peoples of the NW coast ecosystem engineers

A

yes

114
Q

Were the indigenous peoples of the NW coast wetland farmers

A

yes

115
Q

did indigenous peoples of the NW coast combine cultivation and foraging

A

yes

116
Q

Wild rice- manomin

A

“good seed”
advantages; characteristics of cultivated plants- abundant, predictable, nutritious and can be stored for future consumption

117
Q

The process of wild rice

A

binding
knocking
drying
parching
hulling
winnowing
storage

118
Q
A

AREC 220 (2 decks)

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