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BISC 205- animal > Pre Midterm > Flashcards

Pre Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of an animal

A

Eukaryotes with
1. Multicellularity
2. Heterotrophy- obtain carbon compounds
3. Motility- they move under their own power at some point in their life cycle

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2
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

Soft Connective tissue- fibrous proteins in a soft matrix ex. fat tissue

Dense Connective tissue- matrix dominated by tough collagen fibres. Ex. tendons.

Supporting Connective tissue- firm extracellular matrix. Ex. Bone and cartilage

Fluid- cells surrounded by liquid ex. Blood

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3
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

Soft Connective tissue- fibrous proteins in a soft matrix ex. fat tissue

Dense Connective tissue- matrix dominated by tough collagen fibres. Ex. tendons.

Supporting Connective tissue- firm extracellular matrix. Ex. Bone and cartilage

Fluid- cells surrounded by liquid ex. Blood

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4
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue

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5
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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6
Q

Function of epithelial cells (2 sides)

A

Line body and organs
Apical side- faces away from other tissues, lines organs
Basolateral side- faces interior

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7
Q

Cell surface are vs volume and how it is increased

A

Surface area controls how much a cell can in/outake and the volume determines how much is used and wasted. Larger animals have lower ratio.

Increased via gills, vili

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8
Q

Endotherm vs ectotherm

A

Endotherms create their own heat, ectotherms gain it from the environment

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9
Q

Allen’s rule

A

Species in colder climates have smaller limbs than those in warmer climates

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10
Q

Bermann’s rule

A

Species with larger bodies are found in colder climates

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11
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Arteries wrapped with small veins and heat from arteries transfers to cool veins and they maintain a gradient across their whole length

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12
Q

Rough ER function

A

Studed with ribosomes and proteins that will be shipped elsewhere. As proteins are former here they move to the lumen where they are folded and processed.

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13
Q

Smooth ER

A

Contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids. Also a reservoir for Ca ions

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Stacked cisterns. Cis side (closest to nucleus) receives products from RER. Trans side (faces outside if cell) ships via vescicles

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15
Q

Lysosome function

A

Have low pH and digest macromolecules

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16
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Detoxify reactive molecules using redox reactions

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17
Q

Actin filaments function

A

They are usually found just inside the plasma membrane. They function to maintain the cell shape by resisting tension, move cells via muscle contraction, divide animal cells into two, and move organelles. Cell crawling is caused by actin filaments growing unevenly.

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18
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Not involved in movement, structural support only. Microtubules

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

large hollow tubes made of tubulin dimers, a and b tubulin, have polarity. They resist compression

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20
Q

Tight junctions

A

Usually found in epithelial cells, membrane proteins line up to form watertight seal.

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21
Q

Gap juctions

A

Connect adjacent cells by forming channels and allow the flow of small molecules between cells. 1 hemichannel on each membrane.

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22
Q

5 classes of signals in cells

A

Autocrine signals
Paracrine signals
Endocrine signals
Neuronal signals
Neuroendocrine signals

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23
Q

Autocrine signals

A

Cell secretes chemical that binds to the same cell

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24
Q

Paracrine signal

A

Diffuse locally and act on target cells near the signaling cell.

25
Endocrine signals
Carried to distant cells by body fluid
26
Neuronal signals
Between neurons and another cell
27
Neuroendocrine signal
Signals released by neurons considered hormone because they are carried by body fluids
28
How hormones travel
Secreted by an integrator cell and then circulated and effector cells have a receptor that changes shape upon hormone binding
29
Lipid soluble vs lipid insoluble hormone
Lipid soluble hormones diffuses into the nucleus if the cell Lipid insoluble triggers signal transduction
30
G protein couple receptors
Transmembrane protein that when activated change shape. Catalyzed a reaction with a second messenger that can amplify the signal
31
3 types if fats
Lipids Steroids Phopholipids
32
How temperature affects permeability
Decreasing temperature causes molecules to move more slowly and tails pack together more tightly LESS PERMEABLE HIGH TEMP=HIGH FLUIDITY
33
How # of double bonds affects fluidity
Saturated (no double bond) chains pack together more tightly DECREASED FLUIDITY unsaturated chains pack together more loose MORE FLUIDITY
34
How length of hydrocarbons effect fluidity
Hydrophobic interactions become strong with increased length MORE LENGTH=LESS FLUIDITY LESS LENGTH=MORE FLUIDITY
35
How membranes cholesterol effects fluidity
Cholesterol increases fluidity but can decrease permeability if there is too much. Make twmperature have less of an effect
36
Sodium potassium pump steps
Sodium binds to 3 binding sites with high affinity for sodium. A phosphate group from ATP binds to the protein to change the proteins shape to push the sodium through. New protein conformation has high affinity for K ions and pushes them out.
37
Interneurons
Pass signals from one to another
38
Motor neurons
Send signals to effector cells in muscles or glands
39
Membrane potentials
Usually negative in a cell. Slow leak of potassium from the cell which holds and generates potential. Membrane potential is close to equilibrium potential of potassium.
40
Membrane potentials
Usually negative in a cell. Slow leak of potassium from the cell which holds and generates potential. Membrane potential is close to equilibrium potential of potassium.
41
Depolarization
To make less negative (opening a sodium channel)
42
Hyperpolarization
To make more negative (opening a k channel)
43
Graded potentials are...
Changes in membrane potentials that act as electrical signals. The magnitude and duration conveys information.
44
Action potential
Rapid temporary change in membrane potential
45
3 phases of action potential
Depolarization- membrane moves towards positive charge Rapid repolarization- changes the membrane back to a negative charge Hyperpolarization- membrane becomes more negative than it was before.
46
Threshold importance
-65 to -55mV to activate and then ions rush. All or nothing as now magnitude doesn't matter, but frequency.
47
Action potential propagation down axon steps
1. Influx of Na at start repels intercellular cations. Charge spreads away from sodium channels 2. Pushed cations depolarize downstream portions. 3. Nearby sodium channels open when adjacent membrane reaches the threshold.
48
Why are action potentials unidirectional
The hyperpolarization phase makes the membrane potential lower than the resting potential so positive charges cannot trigger the threshold potential
49
Why are action potentials unidirectional
The hyperpolarization phase makes the membrane potential lower than the resting potential so positive charges cannot trigger the threshold potential
50
How axon diameter effects speed
Since inercellular cations are repeled through the axon, they move faster in larger axons as they meet less resistance.
51
Myelination
Swhwann cells and oligodendrocytes wrap around axons and creates a myelination layer to insulate axons. A rapid jump of action potentials where and na voltage gated channels are.
52
Myelination
Swhwann cells and oligodendrocytes wrap around axons and creates a myelination layer to insulate axons. A rapid jump of action potentials where and na voltage gated channels are.
53
Central nervous system
Brain, spinal chord
54
Peripheral nervous system
Spinal and cranial nerves
55
2 systems of the peripheral nervous system
The afferent division- transmits censors information to the CNS The efferent division- carries a signal that allows body to respond to different conditions
56
2 subdivions of efferent system
Somatic nervous system- carries out voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system- carries out involuntary actions
57
2 subdivisions of autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system- regular use rest and digest functions Sympathetic nervous system- fight or flight responses.
58
4 main parts of the brain
Cerebrum- conscious thought and memory Cerebellum- old part of brain that regulates movement Diencephalon - controls homeostasis Brain stem- regulates hearts, lungs, digestive system.

BISC 205- animal (1 decks)

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