Pre-Midterm 1 Flashcards
Basic requirement of life and its chemical properties
Water
- unequal shares of electrons between atoms make them attract each other (hydrogen being positive and oxygen being negative)
- Helps with transportation
- hydrogen bonds give water a higher boiling point
Why is Water such a good solvent for dissolving substances
the cations and anions in the liquid will use electrical differences to strip away the molecules in the solid
6 Biogenic Elements
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphor
Sulphur
Chemosynthetic microbes
- Live in deep ocean hydrothermal vents
- Obtains energy through chemosynthesis (obtains its energy sugar by using the energy that is released by the chemical reactions)
Types of Viruses
Helical
Icosahedral
Complex
Cellular membrane functions
Maintain homeostasis
Metabolize
Communicate with its environment
Regulates what enters and exits a cell
Should virus be considered a living organisms or no?
Living organisms show:
High levels of organization
Respond to their environment
Reproduce (asexual/ sexual)
Maintain homeostasis
Evolve
Metabolize
2 components that makes up a virus
smaller than bacteria
needs to infect a host cell to replicate
capsids that are made out of protein
Commonly contain rna
Why antibiotics do not affect viruses
They contain a protective protein capsule which antibiotics cannot stick to
Phylogenic Trees
describing evolutionary relationships between organisms
Five Kingdom Systems
Systems introduced by Robert Whittaker that classify organisms into
Animals
Plants
Protists
Monera
Fungi
Three Domain Systems
Carl Woese
Classifies life into Eukaryotes Bacteria and Archaea
Two Domain System
Tom Willams
Ford Doolittle
Endosymbiotic event, where an archaeal cell engulfs a bacterium. This event blurred the lines between the two domains, making Eukarya more of a complex branch within Archaea rather than a separate, third domain.
Monophyletic Group
A common ancestor with all of their descendants
Paraphyletic Group
Excluding a branch and does not include all of the descendants of the common ancestor
Polyphyletic Group
It does not include common ancestors but does include descendants
Taxon
Group of organisms that are classified together
Taxons are in a monophyletic group
Advantages of DNA analysis
Comparing organisms on their genetic material and not just off their phenotypes
- More biologically accurate analysis
Convergent Evolution
Unrelated organisms that EVOLVED to share similar traits but are not related
Analogous Structure
Similar physical traits but differ in species (similar functions but evolved independently)
These are the physical features or traits that arise from convergent evolution.
Differentiate between analogous and homologous structures
Convergent Evolution leads to Analogous structure when different species have similar features due to their environment but are not closely related
Explain why carbon is the major component of living organisms and the most important element to life.
Carbon is the foundation of life
abundant in the universe
Forms strong and stable bonds with elements
Can form large molecules
3 Characteristics of early porkaryotes
Unicellular
Had characteristics of bacteria and archaea but were neither
Single-celled organisms that don’t not have membrane-bound organelles or nucleus
How does bacteria and Archaeas differ
Archaea
- Have Ether Linkages
- Form phospholipid monolayers
- No Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Bacteria
- Ester Linkages
- Phospholipid bilayers
- Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Catabolism
Process of breaking down macromolecules into simple molecules
Anabolism
Process of building up macromolecules
Chemotrophs
Obtain chemical energy through the oxidation of inorganic molecules
Chemoheterotrophs
Energy source
Organic Compound
Carbon source
Organic Compound
Chemoautotrophs
Energy source
Inorganic molecules
Carbon source
CO2
Photoheterotrophs
Energy source
Light
Carbon source
Organic Compound
Photoautotrophs
Energy source
Light
Carbon source
CO2
