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BIO 121 > Pre-Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Pre-Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic requirement of life and its chemical properties

A

Water
- unequal shares of electrons between atoms make them attract each other (hydrogen being positive and oxygen being negative)
- Helps with transportation
- hydrogen bonds give water a higher boiling point

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2
Q

Why is Water such a good solvent for dissolving substances

A

the cations and anions in the liquid will use electrical differences to strip away the molecules in the solid

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3
Q

6 Biogenic Elements

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphor
Sulphur

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4
Q

Chemosynthetic microbes

A
  • Live in deep ocean hydrothermal vents
  • Obtains energy through chemosynthesis (obtains its energy sugar by using the energy that is released by the chemical reactions)
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5
Q

Types of Viruses

A

Helical
Icosahedral
Complex

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6
Q

Cellular membrane functions

A

Maintain homeostasis
Metabolize
Communicate with its environment
Regulates what enters and exits a cell

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7
Q

Should virus be considered a living organisms or no?

A

Living organisms show:
High levels of organization
Respond to their environment
Reproduce (asexual/ sexual)
Maintain homeostasis
Evolve
Metabolize

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8
Q

2 components that makes up a virus

A

smaller than bacteria
needs to infect a host cell to replicate
capsids that are made out of protein
Commonly contain rna

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9
Q

Why antibiotics do not affect viruses

A

They contain a protective protein capsule which antibiotics cannot stick to

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Phylogenic Trees

A

describing evolutionary relationships between organisms

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12
Q

Five Kingdom Systems

A

Systems introduced by Robert Whittaker that classify organisms into
Animals
Plants
Protists
Monera
Fungi

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13
Q

Three Domain Systems

A

Carl Woese
Classifies life into Eukaryotes Bacteria and Archaea

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14
Q

Two Domain System

A

Tom Willams
Ford Doolittle
Endosymbiotic event, where an archaeal cell engulfs a bacterium. This event blurred the lines between the two domains, making Eukarya more of a complex branch within Archaea rather than a separate, third domain.

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15
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

A common ancestor with all of their descendants

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16
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

Excluding a branch and does not include all of the descendants of the common ancestor

17
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

It does not include common ancestors but does include descendants

18
Q

Taxon

A

Group of organisms that are classified together
Taxons are in a monophyletic group

19
Q

Advantages of DNA analysis

A

Comparing organisms on their genetic material and not just off their phenotypes
- More biologically accurate analysis

20
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Unrelated organisms that EVOLVED to share similar traits but are not related

21
Q

Analogous Structure

A

Similar physical traits but differ in species (similar functions but evolved independently)
These are the physical features or traits that arise from convergent evolution.

22
Q

Differentiate between analogous and homologous structures

A

Convergent Evolution leads to Analogous structure when different species have similar features due to their environment but are not closely related

23
Q

Explain why carbon is the major component of living organisms and the most important element to life.

A

Carbon is the foundation of life
abundant in the universe
Forms strong and stable bonds with elements
Can form large molecules

24
Q

3 Characteristics of early porkaryotes

A

Unicellular
Had characteristics of bacteria and archaea but were neither
Single-celled organisms that don’t not have membrane-bound organelles or nucleus

25
Q

How does bacteria and Archaeas differ

A

Archaea
- Have Ether Linkages
- Form phospholipid monolayers
- No Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Bacteria
- Ester Linkages
- Phospholipid bilayers
- Peptidoglycan in cell wall

26
Q

Catabolism

A

Process of breaking down macromolecules into simple molecules

27
Q

Anabolism

A

Process of building up macromolecules

28
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtain chemical energy through the oxidation of inorganic molecules

29
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Energy source
Organic Compound

Carbon source
Organic Compound

30
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Energy source
Inorganic molecules

Carbon source
CO2

31
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Energy source
Light

Carbon source
Organic Compound

32
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Energy source
Light

Carbon source
CO2

BIO 121 (2 decks)

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